• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2004

The effects of four tanshinones isolated from Tanshen (the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Labiatae) were tested for their inhibition of nitric oxide production in macrophage cells, and the underlying molecular mechanisms studied. Of the four tanshinones used, 15, 16-dihydrotanshinone- I, tanshinone-IIA and cryptotanshinone, but not tanshinone I, demonstrated significant inhibition of the LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with calculated $IC_{50}$ values of 5, 8, and 1.5 ${\mu}M$ , respectively. Tanshinones exerted inhibitory activities on the LPS-induced nitric oxide production only when applied concurrently with LPS, and tanshinone- IIA and cryptotanshinone were found to inhibit LPS-induced NF-$_KB$ mobilization and extracellular- regulated kinase (ERK) activation, respectively. These results suggest that tanshinones inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide generation by interfering with the initial stage of LPS-induced expression of certain genes. NF-$_KB$ and ERK could be the molecular targets for tanshinones for the inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in macrophage cells.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 알긴산올리고당의 일부 방사선 방어효과를 규명하기 위해 마우스에 3 Gy 선량의 방사선을 1회 전신 조사하여 방사선 유도 nitric oxide를 측정하였다. 측정결과 방사선조사 대조군에서 nitric oxide 생성이 하강된 반면 방사선조사 전 3일간 처치군 및 방사선조사 후 3일간 처치군에서 유의한 생성 증가를 보였고, 특히 방사선조사 전 3일간 처치군에서 가장 큰 차이를 보였다(P<0.001). 결론적으로, 항산화효과가 탁월한 알긴산올라고당은 nitric oxide의 생성 증가를 촉진시킴으로써 일부 방사선 방어작용을 수행한다는 사실을 규명하였고, 화학적 독성이 적은 자연산생물이 방사선방어제로 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

Physical activity is a primary cancer control strategy that has received little attention to date. However, an Increasing number of epidemiological studies have proposed that physical exercise may be beneficial by enhancing anticancer immune system responses. We investigated the effects of acute exercise on changes in nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The amounts of NO generated by abdominal macrophages in mice were measured after exercise. Thirty-two mice, which were challenged with thioglycollate broth to activate peritoneal macrophages, were randomly assigned to control, exercise and recovery groups. The mice exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 3 consecutive days, either moderately (18m/min, 30 min/day, 5％ grade) or severely (18-35m/min, 60 min/day, 5％ grade). The mice were killed immediately after exercise or after 6 hrs of recovery. Nitric oxide was quantified by the Griess assay. The exercised mice showed higher levels of NO generation than those of the control mice, but the intensity of exercise had no significant effect on NO generation. Mice allowed six hours of recovery after exercise showed higher levels of NO generation than that of animals sacrificed immediately after exercise, but there were no significant differences in NO generation with variations in the intensity of exercise. Increased levels of iNOS were found in the exercised groups, and this was greatest in the groups allowed six hours of recovery compared to those groups sacrificed immediately after exercise. The results of this study suggest that acute exercise may enhance an immune response by inducing macrophage-derived NO generation; these results support the epidemiological findings which support the benefits of exercise in the prevention and control of cancer. Further study is needed to determine the physiological significance of these findings, which could be applied to the use of therapeutic exercises to assist in the prevention and control of cancer.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.143-152
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• 1999

Dansam, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, (Labiatae), has a bitter taste and a slightly 'cold' property, and is nontoxic. In the present study, effect of Dansam on nitric oxide (NO) generation from peritoneal macrophags was examined. Dansam had no effect on NO generation by itself, whereas recombinant interferon-${\gamma}\;(rIFN-{\gamma})$ alone had modest activity. When Dansam was used in combination with $rIFN-{\gamma}$, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO generation in a dose-dependent manner, The optimal effect of Dansam on NO generation was shown at 6 hr after treatment with $rIFN-{\gamma}$. Furthermore, the effect of Dansam was mainly dependent on Dansam-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ secretion. These results suggest that Dansam induces NO generation from macrophages by the result of Dansam-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2006

Essential oils은 식물의 2차 대사산물로서 항박테리아, 항바이러스, 해열 및 항염증작용 등 다양한 생리활성을 가지고 있어 화장품 및 아로마테라피 소재를 비롯하여 식품, 항료, 의약품 원료 등 다양한 용도로 사용되고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 최근 에스테틱 분야에서도 염증성 피부트러블개선, 주름개선, 노화방지 등 다양한 효능의 피부미용 개선을 목적으로 한 피부관리요법이나 미용관련제품소재로 널리 사용되고 있으나 이에 대한 체계적/객관적 효능 검증 및 작용기작 규명에 대한 과학적 연구는 매우 미비한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 피부염증과 연관지어 33종의 essential oils의 항염증 기능을 알아보기 위하여 중요 염증 매개인자의 일종인 nitric oxide (NO)를 탐색하였다. 그 중 NO 생성을 효과적으로 억제시키는 essential oil을 선택하여 농도별로 NO 생성억제효과, 세포독성, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 발현에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고 작용기작을 규명하고자 하였다. medical skin care에서 주로 사용되는 33종의 essential oils(각 $100 {\mu}g/mL$)의 NO 생성억제효과를 탐색한 결과, 항염증 효과로 알려진 Rosemery (12.3%), Chamomile (37.8%), Lavender (14.2%), Cedar Wood (17.3%), Cypress (7.5%) 보다 Lemongrass (95.3%)의 NO 생성 억제율이 높았으며, iNOS발현에서도 억제 효과를 보여주었다. Lemongrass는 농도의존적으로 NO 생성을 억제시켰으며, $IC_{50}$값은 $22 {\mu}g/mL$이다. 결론적으로 Lemongrass oil은 체내 염증반응의 중요 매개인자인 NO의 생성을 억제하는 항염증 물질로서 염증성 피부질환인 여드름피부의 개선 및 예방 제품 개발에 좋은 소재로서의 가능성이 제시되어진다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.196-200
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• 2019

Effect of retinoids, i.e., all-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid, on the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was evaluated in human malignant keratinocytes to examine the possible correlation of retinoids with NOS activities. All-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid did not alter the nitric oxide (NO) production. However, in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, $1{\mu}g/mL$), they significantly increased NO release in a dose-dependent manner until 48 h at concentrations of $50{\sim}100{\mu}M$. The degree of upregulation of NO by all-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid increased up to 35% and 37%, respectively, compared to that by the control, which demonstrated the upregulation of LPS-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent generation of NO as well as showing a crucial link between retinoids-induced activity and NOS. Findings of this study now suggest that the upregulation of LPS-iNOS activity may be associated with modulation of retinoids-induced control of cellular developmental processes, which may produce new therapeutics of retinoids in the complexity of how NO affects human keratinocytes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.610-615
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• 2015

Alveolar epithelial cells have been functionally implicated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This study investigated the role of ursolic acid (UA)-a triterpenoid carboxylic acid with potent antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tuberculosis properties in mycobacterial infection of alveolar epithelial A549 cells. We observed that M. tuberculosis successfully entered A549 cells. Cytotoxicity was mediated by nitric oxide (NO). A549 toxicity peaked along with NO generation 72 h after infection. The NO generated by mycobacterial infection in A549 cells was insufficient to kill mycobacteria, as made evident by the mycobacteria growth indicator tube time to detect (MGIT TTD) and viable cell count assays. Treatment of mycobacteria-infected cells with UA reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, NO generation, and eventually improved cell viability. Moreover, UA was found to quench the translocation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), from the cytosol to the nucleus in mycobacteria-infected cells. This study is the first to demonstrate the cytotoxic role of NO in the eradication of mycobacteria and the role of UA in reducing this cytotoxicity in A549 cells.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.365-369
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• 1997

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone and is involved in maintenance of the corpus luteum during pregnancy. In the present study, effect of hCG on nitiric ox ide (NO) generation from peritoneal macrophage was examined. hCG ahd no effect on NO generation by itself, whereas recombinant interferon- ${\gamma}$ (rIFN-${\gamma}$) alone had modest activity. When hCG was used in combination with rIFN-${\gamma}$, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO generation in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal effect of hCG on NO generation was shown at 6 hr after treatment with rIFN-${\gamma}$. Furthermore, northern blot analysis of showed that hCG increased the expression of inducible NO synthase(iNOS) gene. These results suggest that hCG induces NO generation from macrophages by increasing the expression of iNOS gene.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.455-460
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• 1998

The present study was aimed at investigating whether the development of hypertension is related with an altered expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the kidney. By Western blot analysis, the expression of bNOS and ecNOS isoforms was determined in the kidney of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt and two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) rats. In DOCA-salt hypertension, the expression of both bNOS and ecNOS was decreased, along with tissue contents of nitrites. In 2K1C hypertension, the nitrite content of the clipped kidney was decreased along with ecNOS levels, whereas neither the nitrite content nor the expression of NOS isoforms was significantly altered in the contralateral non-clipped kidney. These results suggest that the development of hypertension is associated with an altered renal expression of NOS and nitric oxide generation in DOCA-salt and 2K1C rats.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) affects the growth and development of plants and also affects plant responses to various stresses. Because NO induces root differentiation, we examined whether or not it is involved in increased ROS generation. Treatments with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, and $N{\omega}-nitro-{\text\tiny{L}}-arginine$ methyl ester hydrochloride (${\text\tiny{L}}-NAME$), an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, revealed that NO is involved in the adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. Supply of an NO donor, SNP, activates NADPH oxidase activity, resulting in increased generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$, which subsequently induces growth of adventitious roots. Moreover, treatment with diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, individually or with SNP, inhibited root growth, NADPH oxidase activity, and $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ anion generation. Supply of the NO donor, SNP, did not induce any notable isoforms of enzymes; it did, however, increase the activity of pre-existing bands of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes induced by SNP supply seems to be responsible for a low level of $H_2O_2$ in the adventitious roots of mountain ginseng. It was therefore concluded that NO-induced generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ by NADPH oxidase seems to have a role in adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. The possible mechanism of NO involvement in $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ generation through NADPH oxidase and subsequent root growth is discussed.