• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.442-449
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to provide basic data to establish a foundation for the provision of safe drinkable water. The raw water of natural mineral water was analyzed to determine the quantities of anions (F^-, Cl^-, NO_3-N^-, and SO₄^2- ) and cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺) during the former and latter half of 2016. Analysis of the current quality of the raw water of natural mineral water among domestic manufacturers showed average anions contents of 0.46mg/L of fluorine, 8mg/L of chlorine ion, 1.5mg/L of nitrate nitrogen, and 12mg/L of sulfate ion. While the fluorine content was greater than the water quality criterion of 2.0mg/L at four points, the fluorine level was overall stable. The average cations contents included 21.3mg/L of calcium, 1.0mg/L of potassium, 3.4mg/L of magnesium, and 9.6mg/L of sodium. The chemical characteristics were compared among the major ions, and the results are presented in a piper diagram. The content ratio of cations was in the order of Ca²⁺> Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺, whereas that of anions was in the order of SO₄^2->Cl^->NO_3-N^->F^-. While the cations were slightly scattered, the anions were generally concentrated except for at a few points. The Ca-Na-HCO₃ type was dominant overall in water sources from diorite, gneiss, and granite, while the Na-Mg-Ca-HCO₃-Cl type was dominant in basalt sources. Mineral water manufacturers source their water under various conditions, including in-hole casing, excavation depth, and contact state of bedrock; even within the same rocky area, some differences in the water quality type can occur. When the depth of the water source was taken into account, the mean anions contents of F^-, Cl^-, NO_3-N^-, and SO₄^2- were similar, with no significant differences according to depth. Of the cations, K⁺ and Na⁺ showed no significant differences across all the tubular wells, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in content with depth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2005

Fresh hairy vetch (HV) as a green manure equivalent to $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were incorporated into soil at corn planting in 1997 and 1998 to clarify the effects on changes of nitrogen (N) content in soil and corn plant. The influences of HV for the N of soil and plant were compared with those of ammonium nitrate (AN) in terms of mineralization and microbial biomass. During early decomposition of HV residue, the content of $NO_3-N$ in HV plot was as much as 60-70% of that in AN plot in surface soil of 0-15 cm depth. In addition, soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) by HV residue was increased up to $10-20mg\;kg^{-1}$ more than that by AN. Some mineral N from HV seemed to be released slowly until late corn growth stage judging from high content of $NO_3-N$ in both corn stem at silking stage and soil at harvest. There were no difference of N accumulations in corn plant at silking stage between HV and AN plots in both 1997 and 1998. At harvesting stage, a total of plant N accumulation in HV plot in 1997 was 8% less than that in AN plot while in 1998 it was 19% more. It was concluded that fresh HV green manure equivalent to $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ was good enough to substitute the same amount with chemical N fertilizer by slow releasing of mineral N from HV residue in soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2007

Most of plastic film house plots in Korea have salinity problems caused by salt accumulations associated with continuous cropping including the heavy applications of chemical fertilizers, and high evapotranspiration. The objective of this study was to investigate soil properties and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) productivity in plastic film houses as influenced by the short-term crop rotation in the continuous watermelon-cultivated soils. The short-term rotational crops selected were corn, Chinese cabbage, radish, young radish, lettuce, spinach, and onion. Soil pH increased in most plots where a short-term crop was added to the crop rotation, except where radish was added. The content of soil organic matter significantly decreased in the lettuce-cultivated plot. The available phosphorus content in the soils increased with the cultivations of spinach and onion. Exchangeable Ca and Mg tended to increase in most of plots where a short-term rotational crop was grown, whereas the exchangeable K was clearly reduced by more than 50% in the same plots. Cultivation of rotational crops during the post-harvest season significantly decreased the electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentrations of soluble anions, such as chloride ($Cl^-$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$), and sulfate ($SO{_4}^{2-}$) in the soils. In particular, the EC decrease was related with the decrease in soil $K^+$ to $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ratio. In all plots cultivated with the shot-term rotational crops, the ratios of bacteria to fungi (B/F) increased. However, the improvement in soil properties after adding a rotational crop did not result in a clear improvement in watermelon quantity or quality as measured by fruit weight and sugar content. Therefore, the addition of short-term rotational crops to a continuous watermelon cropping system would be beneficial to improve target soil properties in plastic film house plots studied.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2001

It is possible to use hairy vetch as green manure for corn not only in corn single cropping but also in double cropping system of corn and fall oats. Fall oats and hairy vetch were mixed-sown after corn harvest and harvested as forage in the early of November, and then hairy vetch stubble was over-wintered and incorporated into soil at corn planting as green manure without N fertilizer (FO+HV-GM). Other treatments were fall oats without N fertilizer on corn (FO-0N) and with N fertilizer 200kg/ha on corn (FO-200N), hairy vetch green manure without N fertilizer on corn (HV-GM), and fell winter follow without N fertilizer on corn (WF-0N). Soil nitrate content, corn growth and nitrogen uptakes, and yield of corn were measured and compared during 2-year experimental seasons. Dry matter and N amount of hairy vetch at the plot of FO+HV-GM were 60% less than those at the plot of HV-GM. The N effect of hairy vetch green manure on corn at the plot of HV-GM was similar to that at FO-200N plot for two years. Soil nitrate at the plot of FO+HV-GM was below the half of those at plots of HV-GM and FO-200N at 6-leaf stage of corn. N uptake of corn at the plot of FO+HV-GM at silking stage was 30% less than those at plot of HV-GM and FO-200N. However, soil nitrate at 6-leaf stage of corn and the amount of nitrogen uptake of corn at silking stage increased two times and 30-40 kg/ha, respectively, compared with those at the plot of FO-0N. Corn yield at FO+HV-GM decreased about 2 ton/ha due to the decrease of corn grain weight in the first year compared with plot of HV-GM and FO-200N, but its difference was not shown in succeeding second year. Corn N uptake at FO+HV-GM decreased 60 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha in 1999 and 2000, compared with plot of HV-GM and FO-200N, respectively, but increased 30kg/ha and 45kg/ha compared with the plot of FO-0N in 1999, 2000, respectively. Therefore, it is estimated that hairy vetch green manure in fall oats-corn double cropping system can reduce nitrogen chemical fertilizer on corn as much as 50-100 kg/ha although its N effect is much lower than the N effect of hairy vetch green manure in corn single cropping of which N effect is over 200 kg/ha.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2010

Slurry composting biofiltration(SCB) is considered as a treatment to produce a better fertilizer resource than raw pig slurry as it reduces odor and improves nutrients imbalance. For the agricultural use of SCB slurry as a nutrient source with minimum environmental impact, it is important to investigate the effect of different rate of SCB slurry application on nutrient (particularly for nitrogen) uptake and growth of crops. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of fertigation using pig slurry(PS) on growth and yield of red pepper and to evaluate the appropriate PS concentration in fertigation for soils with different nitrate concentration. To evaluate the effects of fertigation applied PS as a substitute of chemical fertilizer(CF), a single application of three different concentrations of PS: $N_{0.5}$ (43 mg/L), $N_{1.0}$ (86 mg/L) and $N_{1.5}$ (131 mg/L) were compared with CF $N_{1.0}$ (89 mg/L) as a control nitrogen fertilizer. Statistical analysis showed that the growths of red pepper were not affected by treatments. In addition, the yields were no significant difference among treatments, though the highest yield was obtained in PS $N_{1.0}$ by 20,580 kg/ha. In soil chemical properties, nitrate nitrogen on soil of between PS N1.0 and CF $N_{1.0}$ treatment showed similar patterns although they were higher than the preplant nitrogen content. Also, there was no significant difference in yield of red pepper between PS and CF treatment applied as fertigation on soils where nitrate nitrogen contents of each soil contains 10, 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. Consequently, the application of PS, such as SCB, as a substitute of CF is available for growth and yield of red pepper, there could be accordingly estimated the optimal fertigation concentration of PS for red pepper cultivation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 1989

Tobacco and ginseng plants differed in responses to varied light intensities. Tobacco showed high in CO$_2$ uptake and RuBPCase activity at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, being high by 3.7 times and 2.7 times than ginseng respectively. Close positive relationships existed between CO$_2$ uptake and RuBPCase activity in tobacco. However, ginseng showed negative correlation. The activity of glycolate oxidase and malate dehydrogenase in tobacco was high at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, but those of ginseng was high at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. Nitrate reductase activity of tobacco at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ was 2 times higher than that at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while that of ginseng was no detected in all plots. The content of protein and chlorophyll in tobacco was 2.2 times and 1.5 times higher than in ginseng at the most efficient light intensity. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b in tobacco was low at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while that of ginseng was low at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. The relationships between protein and chlorophyll was high positive correlation. However, on 5 days after treatment, ginseng showed negative correlation at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. Tobacco and ginseng showed different leaf soluble protein patterns on SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of two major band were 50 KD and 15 KD in both plants. The major bands in tobacco were thinned at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while those in ginseng thinned at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ from 15days after treatment. Disappeared band was 45 KD at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ in tobacco, but that of ginseng was 47 KD at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to compare with the growth and fruit quality of Citrullus lanatus cv. Mudeungsan and Citrullus vulgaris cv. Dalgona grown in fertigation and soilless culture. Seeds were sown on April 16 and transplanted on April 24, 1998. Cultural systems used in fertigation and soilless culture beds using mixed substrate, coir dust (50%) and perlite (50%). In the plot of fertigation system, the number of leaves of cv. Dalgona were increased more than that of cv Mudeungsan, but leaf area shown inversed trend. Plant growth shown greater in soilless culture than those of fertigation culture. In regardless of cultural systems, soluble solid content in fruit was higher in the cv. Dalgona than that of cv. Mudeungsan, but fruit fresh weight was greater in cv. Mudeungsan compare to the cv Dalgona. Nitrate content in petiole sap of watermelon in regardless of cultivars and cultural systems was 11.4∼13.4mg/gFW on 15 days after transplanting, and then increased to 17.1∼20.6mg/gFW on the fruit growth stage. Phosphorous content was 3.7∼5.7mg/gFW in the early growth stage while decreased to 0.6∼1.1mg/gFW from maturing stage to harvesting stage. Potassium content was increased to 5.8∼6.6mg/gFW in the early growth stage while decreased to 4.0∼4.8mg/gFW from pollination stage to harvesting stage. Calcium content in spa petiole of watermelon was higher in soilless culture as 3.4∼4.1mg/gFW than 2.5∼3.5mg/gFW of fertigation culture, but calcium content in fertigation culture during maturing stage was higher than that of soilless culture. The tendency of magnesium uptake was higher in fertigation culture than that of soilless culture, and was similarly absorbed in the range of 0.9∼1.3mg/gFW in regardless of cultural method after pollination. It was demonstrated that cv. Mudeungsan can be adapted to soilless culture and improved the fruit quality. Consequently, hydroponic possibility for year round culture in the greenhouse was recognized.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.505-509
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• 2007

An obligately aerobic bacterium, strain KOPRI $20902^T$, was isolated from a marine sediment in Ny-${\AA}$lesund, Spitsbergen Islands, Norway. Cells were irregular rods and motile with polar monotrichous flagellum. The optimum growth temperature was $17-22^{\circ}C$. Cells grew best in pH 7.0-10.0 and 3-4% sea salts (corresponding to 2.3-3.1% NaCl). The novel strain required $Ca^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$ in addition to NaCl for growth. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Arctic isolate is distantly related with established species (<92.4% sequence similarity) and formed a monophyletic group with Cellvibrio, which formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Pseudomonadales. Predominant cellular fatty acids [$C_{16:1}\;{\omega}7c/15:0$ iso 2OH (45.3%), $C_{16:0}$ (18.4%), ECL 11.799 (11.2%), $C_{10:0}$ 3OH (10.4%)]; DNA G+C content (37.0 mol%); nitrate reduction to nitrogen; absence of aesculin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase and esterase; no assimilation of arabinose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose differentiated the strain from the genus Cellvibrio. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed in the order Pseudomonadales. Strain KOPRI $20902^T$ (=KCTC $12566^T$=JCM $13441^T$) is the type strain of Dasania marina.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.145-153
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• 2012

To obtain basic information for evaluating resistance of soil acidification for growth, net photosynthesis, $N_2$ fixation rate and nutrient status of Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta seedlings grown in brown forest soil acidified with $H_2SO_4$ or $HNO_3$ solution were investigated (control (pH=5.9), LN (pH=5.0; Low levels of Nitric acid), HN (pH=4.0; High levels of Nitric acid), LS (pH=5.0; Low levels of Sulfuric acid), and HS (pH=4.0; High levels of Sulfuric acid)). The shoot dry weight of Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta and the root dry weight of Alnus hirsuta seedlings grown in the HN, LS and HS were significantly less than that of the seedlings grown in the control. The Chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaves of Alnus firma at LN, LS and HS was significantly lower than that of control. The concentration of N in leaves of Alnus hirsuta at HS was significantly higher than that of control. The net photosynthetic rate of Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta seedlings at LN and HN was higher than that of control. Based on the results, we concluded that the negative effects of soil acidification due to sulfate deposition are greater than those of soil acidification due to nitrate deposition on growth, net photosynthesis and $N_2$ fixation rate of Alnus firma more than Alnus hirsuta.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.569-588
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• 2013

The organic foods is the terminology calling the organic products, the organic livestock and the organic processing food. The value of organic food may be evaluated as the index of the nutrient content, the safety and the health promotion. The reason why consumers prefer the organic food in the market is because the value of health promotion to be obtained through its consumption is expected to be bigger than the expense according to the purchase of organic food. This study has the significance in developing the direct evaluation model like the human biomonitoring method. The hypothesis for this study is summarized, "If the metabolome of metabolic syndrome of decreases, the exposure of substance of health harm decreases, the number of hospital care decreases and the quality of life shall be improved if the organic food is incepted in the long term and the health care is managed well". The consumer's cooperative and the health consumer's cooperative select the experimental group of 100 persons and the comparative group of 100 persons in 5 areas in the whole country at the same time to verify this hypothesis. Its rate of change is compared and analyzed by measuring the blood and urine of each biomarkers such as the exposed agriculture pesticides, the nitrate in the body at intervals of 2 months for 1 year. Also, by letting participants in the experiment record the major activity such as the dietary intake and the exercise, etc., in the questionnaire and the performance evaluation form, the statistical analysis for the correlation of this with the metabolome, etc., is conducted. The time that is called minimum 1 year and a lot of expense are required to implement this model. Accordingly, the cooperative study by composing the consortium of the interdisciplinary and the interagency is desirable.