• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

The orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) is a very important muscle that originate from the second branchial arch and is innervated by the facial nerve. The aim of this study was to elucidate distribution types of two muscle fibers that composing OOM by using enzyme-histochemical examinations and tried to make a basis for a clinical application. The fresh frozen tissues from the superior and inferior portions of the OOM were taken from post mortem 65-year-old Korean male adult. Total five different sagittal sections were used on the midline of the philtrum, the middle portion of lower lip, the mouth corner, and each midlateral side of upper and lower mouth. We used enzyme-histochemical staining such as Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), Succinic Dehydrogenase (SDHase), reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Tetrazolium Reductase (NADH-TR), Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase) in pH 9.4, 4.6 and 4.3, and Modified Gomori Trichrome. There were about 30.24 % type 1 muscle fiber and 65.40 % type 2 muscle fiber in the midline of the philtrum (p < 0.05). Enzyme-histochemical staining is very useful and innovative method to elucidate characteristics of muscle fibers. We expect that chiloplasty and reconstruction of the lip portions for cleft lip patients, based on these results, are better to recovery function and aesthetic. However, we have some problems as an intramuscular variability and the inter-individual variation etc. Therefore we have to make progress these studies continuously to overcome these problems.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2005

Niacin (vitamin $B_{3}$) is the generic term for nicotinic acid (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid) and nicotinamide (nicotinic acid amide), and coenzyme forms of the vitamin. Large doses of nicotinic acid are associated with a number of adverse effects in human. The effects include flushing, skin itching, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal disturbance. This study was conducted to estimate daily intake of niacin by ingestion of food and multivitamin, and to identify risk value related with side effects, which can be caused by large dose intake in population having a typical lifestyle. Induced risk values by comparing only dietary intake level and intake level from both food and multivitamin with upper level as 35 mg/day were 0.53 and $0.81\~6.24$ respectively. Hazard Index over 1 means that occurrence of side effects would be expected in some population. When people intake multivitamin and functional food including niacin, risk value may increase more than risk value identified in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.480-488
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• 2018

Objective: Average daily gain (ADG) is an important target trait of pig breeding programs. We aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic regions that are associated with ADG in the Duroc pig population. Methods: We performed a genome-wide association study involving 390 Duroc boars and by using the PorcineSNP60K Beadchip and two linear models. Results: After quality control, we detected 3,5971 SNPs, which included seven SNPs that are significantly associated with the ADG of pigs. We identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions for ADG. These QTLs included four previously reported QTLs on Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 1, SSC5, SSC9, and SSC13, as well as two novel QTLs on SSC6 and SSC16. In addition, we selected six candidate genes (general transcription factor 3C polypeptide 5, high mobility group AT-hook 2, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1, pleckstrin homology and RhoGEF domain containing G4B, and ENSSSCG00000031548) associated with ADG on the basis of their physiological roles and positional information. These candidate genes are involved in skeletal muscle cell differentiation, diet-induced obesity, and nervous system development. Conclusion: This study contributes to the identification of the casual mutation that underlies QTLs associated with ADG and to future pig breeding programs based on marker-assisted selection. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of the identified candidate genes in the physiological processes involved in ADG regulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.595-606
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• 2018

Objective: The Fusarium mycotoxins of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zerolenone (ZEN) cause health hazards for both humans and farm animals. Therefore, the main intention of this study was to reveal DON and ZEN effects on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune related genes in the liver of piglets. Methods: In the present study, 15 six-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to the following three different dietary treatments for 4 weeks: control diet, diet containing 8 mg DON/kg feed, and diet containing 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed. After 4 weeks, liver samples were collected and sequenced using RNA-Seq to investigate the effects of the mycotoxins on genes and gene networks associated with the immune systems of the piglets. Results: Our analysis identified a total of 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 99 upregulated and 150 downregulated genes in both the DON and ZEN dietary treatment groups. After biological pathway analysis, the DEGs were determined to be significantly enriched in gene ontology terms associated with many biological pathways, including immune response and cellular and metabolic processes. Consistent with inflammatory stimulation due to the mycotoxin-contaminated diet, the following Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways, which were related to disease and immune responses, were found to be enriched in the DEGs: allograft rejection pathway, cell adhesion molecules, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), type I diabetes mellitus, human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus infection, and viral carcinogenesis. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed that DON and ZEN treatments downregulated the expression of the majority of the DEGs that were associated with inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 receptor, beta, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9), proliferation (insulin-like growth factor 1, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, lipase G, and salt inducible kinase 1), and other immune response networks (paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta, Src-like-adaptor-1 [SLA1], SLA3, SLA5, SLA7, claudin 4, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme, ubiquitin D, histone $H_2B$ type 1, and serum amyloid A). Conclusion: In summary, our results demonstrated that high concentrations DON and ZEN disrupt immune-related processes in the liver.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.811-818
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• 2011

Physiological activities of hot water (MHW) and 80% ethanol (MEH) extracts from Maesaengi (Capsosiphon fulvescens) were investigated in this study. For the evaluation of antioxidant activities for MHW and MEH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pic-rylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity were measured. DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of MHW, and MEH were increased weekly in a dose-dependent manner, and were about 10.8, 13.8, 62.4, and 27.1% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of MHW and MEH were about 5.9% and 49.7% at 1 mg/ml, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory effect of MHW and MEH were about 1.4% and 67.3% at 1 mg/ml, respectively. To determine the influence of MHW and MEH on alcohol metabolizing activity, the generating activities of reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were measured. Facilitating rates of ADH activity by MHW and MEH were increased weekly in a dose-dependent manner and ALDH activities were not detected. Elastase inhibitory activities of MHW and MEH were 75.9% and 51.2% at 10 mg/ml, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1675-1682
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• 2010

The biological activity of hot water extract from Ecklonia cava Kjellman (ECE) was investigated to assess antioxidative, anti-skin aging, and nitrite scavenging abilities, as well as alcohol metabolizing activities. Antioxidant activity of ECE was measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of ECE increased in a remarkably dose-dependent manner, and were about 91.4% and 75% at 1 mg/ml, respectively. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was indicated to be about 70% at 1 mg/ml of ECE. Nitrite scavenging ability of ECE showed to be 93.6% at 1 mg/ml and pH 1.2. The influence of ECE on alcohol metabolism was demonstrated through the generating activity of reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The facilitating rate of ADH and ALDH activity by ECE was 167.2% and 334% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities of ECE were 58% and 72% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. These results indicated that ECE has valuable biological attributes owing to its antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, alcohol metabolizing, and elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1262-1268
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• 2017

Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), a plant in the Myrtaceae family, is native to the semitropical rain-forests of Queensland and is presumably the most commercialized native spice. In Australian thousands of lemon-myrtle trees are under tillage. This study was carried out to investigate the alcohol metabolism, hepatoprotective effects and antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of hot-water (LMW) and 80% ethanol (LME) extracts from lemon-myrtle leaves. The alpha-glucosidase (${\alpha}$-glucosidase) inhibitory activities of the LMW and LME extracts were 7.66% and 40.29% at 1 mg/ml (p<0.05), respectively. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the LME extract was about 38.26 % at 1 mg/ml. The effects the LMW and LME extracts had on alcohol-metabolizing activities were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The ADH activities of the LMW and LME extracts significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 154.40% and 192.03% at 1 mg/ml, respectively (p<0.05). The ALDH activities of the LMW and LME extracts also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 151.14% and 192.34% at 1 mg/ml, respectively (p<0.05). At $100{\mu}g/ml$, the LMW and LME extracts showed significant protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. The results suggested that Backhousia citriodora leaf extracts have the potential to be significant sources for natural health products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.569-576
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative, nitrite-scavenging, alcohol-metabolizing, and anti-inflammatory effects of black-cherry tomato juice (BCTJ) on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The total phenol content of the BCTJ was $156.83{\mu}g\;tannic-acid-equivalent/ml$. The antioxidative effects of BCTJ were measured using DPPH radical-scavenging activity and SOD-like assay. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of BCTJ was increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) and was 83.39% at 40%. SOD-like activity of BCTJ was 22.01% at 100%. The effects of BCTJ on alcohol-metabolism were determined by measuring generations of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ADH and ALDH activities were 198.87% and 181.89% at 40%, respectively. Nitric scavenging activities of BCTJ were 85.06%, 58.25%, and 43.68% at pH values 1.2, 3.0, and 6.0, respectively, at 50%. Anti-inflammatory effects were examined in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Nitric-oxide production was reduced to 83.55% by the addition of BCTJ at 10%. These results suggest that black-cherry tomato juice has great potential as a resource for natural health products.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.193-198
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• 2016

Objective: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common human enzyme defect. G6PD plays a key role in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a major source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). NADPH provides the reducing equivalents for oxidation-reduction reductions involved in protecting against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species such as $H_2O_2$. We hypothesized that G6PD deficiency may reduce the amount of NADPH in sperms, thereby inhibiting the detoxification of $H_2O_2$, which could potentially affect their motility and viability, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infertility. Methods: Semen samples were obtained from four males with G6PD deficiency and eight healthy males as a control. In both groups, motile sperms were isolated from the seminal fluid and incubated with 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and $120{\mu}M$ concentrations of $H_2O_2$. After 1 hour incubation at $37^{\circ}C$, sperms were evaluated for motility and viability. Results: Incubation of sperms with 10 and $20{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ led to very little decrease in motility and viability, but motility decreased notably in both groups in 40, 60, and $80{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$, and viability decreased in both groups in 40, 60, 80, and $120{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the G6PD-deficient group and controls. Conclusion: G6PD deficiency does not increase the susceptibility of sperm to oxidative stress induced by $H_2O_2$, and the reducing equivalents necessary for protection against $H_2O_2$ are most likely produced by other pathways. Therefore, G6PD deficiency cannot be considered as major risk factor for male infertility.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2010

The hair nourisher products are used for prevention of hair loss and classified as quasi-drug in Korea. As concerns about hair loss has been increased, the demand for hair nourisher products has been growing. It is difficult to analyze their main ingredients because they contain various ingredients including natural plant extracts, vitamins, preservatives and exfoliators. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate simultaneous analytical methods of active ingredients in hair nourisher products such as nicotinamide, tocopherol, salicylic acid, dexpanthenol and benzyl nicotinate by HPLC. The active ingredients were separated on a $C_{18}$ column by using acetonitrile/phosphate buffer as a mobile phase, and detected at UV 220, 270 and 300 nm. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range of $12.5{\sim}800\;{\mu}g/mL$ and the recoveries were 97.3 ~ 103.5 % (RSD 0.9 ~ 2.8 %) in liquid matrix and 101.9 ~ 115.9 % (RSD 0.7 ~ 7.7 %) in shampoo matrix. Validated method was applied to hair nourisher products obtained from distribution market. Fortunately, all samples met their criteria. This study might be expected to provide the method for determining active ingredients in hair nourisher products and lead to promote a rapid market entry.