• 간호행정학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.349-371
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• 1995

Professional nurse shall possess the firm nursing idea and ethical nursing philosophy based on the professional knowledge and technology but due to the rapid social situations has changed the value to man thus the nurse's sense of value in the nursing secenes has been confused and changed bringing the new ethical problems and discord due to the ethically difficult problems. This study is aimed to know about the discord between the ruling ethical sense of value and the ethical discord exeriencing in the clinical scenes of the nurse and to help them establish affirmative ethical sense of value and provide them with the materials which can effectively meet the ethical discord. The study research has been conducted by selecting 515 clinical nurses in 8 general hospitals as the subject from Mar. 13, 1995 to Apr. 3. The tool measuring the ethical sense of value disigned by Lee, Young Sook has been used and supplemented and the tool measuring the ethical discord was the question papers about the ethical dillemma of Han, Sung Sook. The collected materials have been analyzed by the statistical methods of arithmetical everage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and etc. The result of the study is as the below ; 1) The average point of the ethical sense of value of the nurse was 3.62(maximum point : 5) which showed that the ethical level was so high and the highest question item in the ethical level of the whole items of the ethical sense of value was "They conduct as directed by the doctor in case the disposition of the doctor looks mistaken"(4.56 point), "They keep the secret of the patients while serving them."(4.56) and the lowest item was "using placobo for the patients is not allowed" : (1.85 point). 2) Statistical variation which showed the significant difference in the relation with the ethical sense of value according to the general characters of the nurse has shown as scholarly years(F=3.47, p=.016), religion(F=1.66, p=.004), interest degree of ethical education(F=4.18, p=.006),attitude to the job of nursing(F=6.76, p=.006), ethical standard(F=3.28, p=.021), and recognition degree on ethical principles(F=4.53, p=.001). 3) The average point of the ethical discord of the nurse was 0.54(The maximum-1 point) point and the ethical discord in the clinical scenes : "the problems arising from the lack of manpower of the nurse"(0.86), "the discord from the uncooperative relation between them and the medical staff and"(0.75) and indifference of the doctor about the report of the nurse(0.73). 4) The variation which showed the significant difference statistically in the ethical discord according to the general characters of the nurse was that Age(F=19.88, p=.000), schooling(F=5.32, p=.001), Experience(F=15.77, p=.000), position(F=13.58, p=.000) and ethical standard(F=2.63, p=.049). 5) The results of the analysis of correlation between ethical sense of value and discord(r=0.519, p=.239) showed no significant correlation statistically.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제28권
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• pp.385-413
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• 1998

This study aims to analyze categorically social and ethical problems related to the recent development of information technology and, then to propose measures to prevent the spread of the problems. For this purpose, the study examines the information ethics and information-related ethical education in some of the advanced countries and suggests a measure to establish a desirable information ethics which, through the roles of information experts can increase the convenience of the information society. Particularly, information should have been used in the right manner but it is not. This has caused legal and technical problems and now there is a need for cultural, societal and ethical changes. In fact, new technology and legal - institutional devices may solve those problems caused by the development. However, we should recognize the importance of human in life by taking expected social efforts into broader consideration. it is to be desired, above all, that ethical problems should be discussed toward respecting the interests of both indivisuals and society with the protection of the illegal circulation of unlawful and unhealthy information. Consequently, in order to solve those problems, it is required that remove the negative effects both information providers and users themselves through the enactment and enforcement of information ethics doctrine. The reason is that professionals' decision may be more specific than others. Therefore, specialists who work information fields including computers should reevaluate the a n.0, pplication of ethics and make new regulations. By doing this the rightful advancement of information culture can be accomplishmented and responsible infortizen can be created. Futhermore, primary schools and other institutions, which train technical communication specialists, should teach technical skills, computers, as well as ethnological consciousness when they use information mediums.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.51-64
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to introduce an integrated approach of new Casuistry and specified principlism in resolving ethical problems and studying nursing ethics. In studying clinical ethics and nursing ethics, there is no systematic research method. While nurses often experience ethical dilemmas in practice, much of previous research on nursing ethics has focused merely on describing the existing problems. In addition, ethists presented theoretical analysis and critics rather than providing the specific problems solving strategies. There is a need in clinical situations for an integrated method which can provide the objective description for existing problem situations as well as specific problem solving methods. We inherit two distinct ways of discussing ethical issues. One of these frames these issues in terms of principles, rules, and other general ideas; the other focuses on the specific features of particular kinds of moral cases. In the first way general ethical rules relate to specific moral cases in a theoretical manner, with universal rules serving as "axioms" from which particular moral judgments are deduced as theorems. In the seconds, this relation is frankly practical. with general moral rules serving as "maxims", which can be fully understood only in terms of the paradigmatic cases that define their meaning and force. Theoretical arguments are structured in ways that free them from any dependence on the circumstances of their presentation and ensure them a validity of a kind that is not affected by the practical context of use. In formal arguments particular conclusions are deduced from("entailed by") the initial axioms or universal principles that are the apex of the argument. So the truth or certainty that attaches to those axioms flows downward to the specific instances to be "proved". In the language of formal logic, the axioms are major premises, the facts that specify the present instance are minor premises, and the conclusion to be "proved" is deduced (follows necessarily) from the initial presises. Practical arguments, by contrast, involve a wider range of factors than formal deductions and are read with an eye to their occasion of use. Instead of aiming at strict entailments, they draw on the outcomes of previous experience, carrying over the procedures used to resolve earlier problems and reapply them in new problmatic situations. Practical arguments depend for their power on how closely the present circumstances resemble those of the earlier precedent cases for which this particular type of argument was originally devised. So. in practical arguments, the truths and certitudes established in the precedent cases pass sideways, so as to provide "resolutions" of later problems. In the language of rational analysis, the facts of the present case define the gounds on which any resolution must be based; the general considerations that carried wight in similar situations provide warrants that help settle future cases. So the resolution of any problem holds good presumptively; its strengh depends on the similarities between the present case and the prededents; and its soundness can be challenged (or rebutted) in situations that are recognized ans exceptional. Jonsen & Toulmin (1988), and Jonsen (1991) introduce New Casuistry as a practical method. The oxford English Dictionary defines casuistry quite accurately as "that part of ethics which resolves cases of conscience, applying the general rules of religion and morality to particular instances in which circumstances alter cases or in which there appears to be a conflict of duties." They modified the casuistry of the medieval ages to use in clinical situations which is characterized by "the typology of cases and the analogy as an inference method". A case is the unit of analysis. The structure of case was made with interaction of situation and moral rules. The situation is what surrounds or stands around. The moral rule is the essence of case. The analogy can be objective because "the grounds, the warrants, the theoretical backing, the modal qualifiers" are identified in the cases. The specified principlism was the method that Degrazia (1992) integrated the principlism and the specification introduced by Richardson (1990). In this method, the principle is specified by adding information about limitations of the scope and restricting the range of the principle. This should be substantive qualifications. The integrated method is an combination of the New Casuistry and the specified principlism. For example, the study was "Ethical problems experienced by nurses in the care of terminally ill patients"(Um, 1994). A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted for fifteen nurses who mainly took care of terminally ill patients. The first stage, twenty one cases were identified as relevant to the topic, and then were classified to four types of problems. For instance, one of these types was the patient's refusal of care. The second stage, the ethical problems in the case were defined, and then the case was analyzed. This was to analyze the reasons, the ethical values, and the related ethical principles in the cases. Then the interpretation was synthetically done by integration of the result of analysis and the situation. The third stage was the ordering phase of the cases, which was done according to the result of the interpretation and the common principles in the cases. The first two stages describe the methodology of new casuistry, and the final stage was for the methodology of the specified principlism. The common principles were the principle of autonomy and the principle of caring. The principle of autonomy was specified; when competent patients refused care, nurse should discontinue the care to respect for the patients' decision. The principle of caring was also specified; when the competent patients refused care, nurses should continue to provide the care in spite of the patients' refusal to preserve their life. These specification may lead the opposite behavior, which emphasizes the importance of nurse's will and intentions to make their decision in the clinical situations.

• 의료법학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.79-113
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• 2012

This study focuses on the protection of trial subjects, who participate in clinical trials for new drug. It takes long time to develop new drugs and the clinical trials are required. Usually, pharmaceutical company, which develop new drug, request a research institution(usually, hospital) to investigate the examination of security and side effects of new drug. The institution recruit trial subject to participate in the trials. The contract for clinical research of investigational new drug is concluded between the pharmaceutical company and the institution. This thesis studies the legal regulations for protection of participants of clinical research for new drug. In this respect the first matter of this study is to seek which relation between pharmaceutical firm and participants of clinical trials. Especially, there is a question which the trial subject is entitled to demand the pharmaceutical company which requested clinical trials the institution to supply the investigational new drug, after the contract for clinical trials had terminated or cancelled. This study take into account the liability of the pharmaceutical company to trial subject. Secondly, it is researched the roles and authority of Institutional Review Board(IRB). IRB is Research Ethics Committee of the institution, in which clinical trials for new drug are conducted. According to the rule of Korea good clinical practice(KGCP), IRB is the mandatory organization which is authorized to approve, secure approval or disapprove the clinical trials for investigational new drug in the institution. The important roles are the review of ethical perspective of trial research and the protection of trial subject. Thirdly, this paper focuses if the participants are to be paid for the participation for clinical research. This is ethical aspect of clinical trials. It is resonable that the participant is reimbursed for expenditure such as travels, and other expenses incurred in participation in trials. It is not allowed that the benefit of clinical trials is paid to trial subject. The payment should not function as financial inducements for participations of trials. Finally, the voluntary consent of the trial subject is required. The institution ought to inform the subject, who would like to participate in trials, and it ought to received informed consent in writing for subject. In this regard, it is matter that trial subject has ability of consent. It is principle that the subject as severely psychogeriatric patient has not ability of consent. However, it is required that not only healthy people but also patients are allowed to take part in clinical trials of new drug, in order to confirm which the investigation new drug is secure. Therefore there are cases, in which the legal representative of subject consent the participation of the trials. In addition, it is very important that the regulations concerning clinical trials of new drug is to be systematically well-modified. The approach of legal and political approach is needed to achieve this purpose.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1419-1425
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• 2009

Quantity Surveying Profession is a new breed with a history of only less than seven years in S. Korea' s Construction Industry. In this paper, the research aims to investigate the background of the market entrance of this profession in Korean Construction Industry, and the current market direction and future market demands. The research concludes that climate changes in Real Estate markets in relation to Project Financing practices caused by economic crisis of late 1997's, enabled the UK originated QSP sustainable in S. Korea. Moreover it was pointed out that the services of QSP current available in S. Korea's market attributed the different aspect compared to traditional quantity surveying services prevailed in UK. Finally it was apparent that the evolutional direction of the future quantity surveying market in S. Korea is most likely toward multidisciplinary skilled services profession processing not only broader architectural knowledges but cost consciousness, specialty in construction costs and construction contract aspects and transparency in ethical manner.

• 철학연구
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• 제148권
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• pp.101-128
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• 2018

실러의 사유와 칸트의 관계에 대해서는 다양한 견해가 있지만 실러가 칸트에게 진 빚이 크다는 사실은 누구도 부인하지 않는다. 괴테나 헤르더, 빌란트 등 당대 바이마르의 다른 이들과 실러를 구분해 주는 것은 무엇보다도 그들과 달리 실러가 칸트의 비판 철학의 기획을 적극적으로 수용했다는 데에 있다. 또한 실러는 칸트의 철학을 단지 수동적으로 받아들이기만 한 것이 아니라, 그 토대 위에서 미와 도덕의 관계 및 자신이 예전부터 품어오던 윤리적 미학적 이상들을 새로이 해석하고 규정하는 작업을 했다. '도덕적 아름다움'이나 인간의 전인적 계발의 이상 같은 것이 그러한데, 실러는 칸트의 철학을 받아들이면서 그것들의 내용과 지위를 보다 정확하게 규정하는 작업을 했다. 우리는 이 글에서 실러의 칸트 수용 과정을 추적하고 그 의의를 살펴본 후에, 실러가 칸트와 거리를 둔 증거로 종종 제시되는 "우미와 존엄"의 '아름다운 영혼'이 여전히 칸트 도덕론의 기반 위에 있음을 보여줄 것이다. 특히 이 부분에서는 '아름다운 영혼'의 이론적 배경으로 언급되는 샤프츠베리의 사유를 자세히 검토하고 그것과 실러의 사유가 갖는 차이점과 공통점을 지적하고자 한다. 이를 통해 몇몇 공통점과 외면적 유사성에도 불구하고 신플라톤주의적 형이상학에 근거하는 샤프츠베리와 칸트의 비판 철학의 기획을 따르는 실러가 전혀 다른 철학적 지반에서 출발함으로써 갖게 되는 상당한 차이를 확인할 수 있을 것이다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.1047-1054
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• 2021

University academicians are playing a significant role in nation building and striving hard to impart quality education to students and also instill moral and ethical values in them. The current study aims to determine the relationship between work-life balance (WLB) and satisfaction among academicians. For the study purpose, 154 academicians from different universities with varied designations were selected randomly from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pareek et al. (2011) constructed and validated a scale to gather responses from respondents with the aim of understanding WLB in relation to satisfaction. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret the results to make the study more authentic and valuable. The study's findings revealed that (i) all facets of WLB have positive relationships with one another, resulting in workplace satisfaction; (ii) the result also reflects that male faculty members have a lot of pressure and responsibility in the universities than the female faculty members which reflect that male are more prone to dissatisfaction in comparison to the dfemale faculty members (iii) the factor personal needs is having the high degree of correlation followed by the social needs. Results indicate that WLB plays a crucial role to provide satisfaction and surely ignite new information in the contemporary knowledge of work life balance among the Saudi Arabian Universities.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제26집
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• pp.77-110
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• 2016

The purpose of this article is to study on the Correlative linkage between the cosmic principle of birth-growth and contraction-recess and the Non action Tao. The split time between birth-growth and contraction-recess is the conflict between the Prior Time and Posterior Time as the Great Renewal. The cycle of this Chaotic Renewals is the cycle of a cosmic circulation as 129,600 years. In relation to the correlative linkage of function, Jeong-san Sangje governs all the beings of the universe by means of the cosmic principle birth-growth and contraction-recess. Also Jeong-san Sangje, using the Non action Tao governing all the beings of the universe and let them exist as the original selves. Thus, the two necessities are mutual interdependent and mutual complementary. In relation to the correlative linkage of substance, Jeong-san Sangje is included in the cosmic life which forms of all the existences. That is personal God of Jeong-san Sangje that is a part of the cosmic life. So that Jeong-san Sangje is included in the cosmic life, the basis of all the cosmic affairs. He is also subordinate to the cosmic principle but he simultaneously governs it. Jeong-san Sangje is trans-versal mediator between the cosmic principle and the cosmic life of Non action Tao, since it is the origin of his mind. To understand the nature of Jeong-san Sangje who becomes one with the cosmic life, the old causal way of thinking which inquires the timely order and seeks for causes and effects should be abandoned. The new way of thinking is thus different from the old one. The core of cosmic life is abstracted as the essence-energy and god-blood. This structure is similar to the cosmic principle of birth-growth and contraction-recess. The death is a kind of event caused by the depletion of the essence, and all beings could altered into the god. It also would be returned to the natural birth place of the cosmos, as it were, that can be called the 'Return to the Origin'. As the cosmos goes to the new epoch, humans have been living together with the cosmic principle. Now we can expect the Posterior Time to open to humans as cosmic life of Non action Tao.

• 철학연구
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• 제141권
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• pp.313-342
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• 2017

이 논문은 이익과 신후담의 사칠론에서 중절의 철학적 함의를 해명하고 있다. 논문에 따르면, 퇴계의 사단칠정론에서 사단과 중절한 칠정 사이의 관계 규정은 곤란한 문제로 남겨졌다. 이익은 중절한 칠정의 의미를 새롭게 분석함으로써 이 문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 그는 중절한 칠정의 도덕성을 인정하면서도 그것이 사단과 차별적이라는 점을 철학적으로 해명하고자 하였다. 공정무사한 공감자를 설정하여 이 문제를 풀고자 한 것이 그의 해법이었다. 이러한 이익의 생각은 중절의 윤리적 가치에 대해 참신한 재평가를 수행한 것이라는 점에서 의의가 있는 것이었다. 그러나 신후담은 스승 이익의 생각에 반대하면서 중절의 도덕적 가치를 평가 절하하였다. 신후담에 따르면, 성인(聖人)의 공칠정(公七情)과 중절(中節)한 칠정은 다른 것이었다. 성인의 공칠정은 공적 도덕성이 실현된 감정 상태이지만 중절한 칠정은 자연적 욕구와 생리적 기호가 적절한 상태에 놓인 것에 불과한 것이었다. 전자가 이발(理發)이라면 후자는 기발(氣發)인 것이다. 그는 이익에게서 모호하게 표현되었던 성인칠정(聖人七情)을 명백히 공(公)과 사(私)의 두 측면으로 차별화함으로써 퇴계학 전통의 이발(理發)을 한층 강화하였다. 여기에 이르러 사단과 칠정이라는 오래된 구분선은 해체되고 공(公)과 사(私)가 도덕 감정의 기준으로 부각되었다.

• 트랜스-
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• 제7권
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• pp.19-48
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• 2019

본 연구는 대규모 인터뷰 작업을 통해 한민족이 가진 집단적 의식의 지형도를 담아내고자 하는 미디어전시작업 <70mK>의 의미를 고찰하기 위해 기술되었다. <70mK>는 개별 존재자들의 인터뷰 영상들을 마치 모자이크와 같은 배치와 형태로 편집, 구성된 영상전시물을 만들고 전시회를 개최하고 있다. 분할된 프레임 속의 개체들은 저마다의 생각과 개성을 드러내는 차이의 연속성을 보여준다. 이것은 개체들의 내재성이 동시다발적이고 총체적인 이미지로 구현된 공시적이고 의식적인 집단적 타자의 형상이다. 인터뷰 영상들은 실제 존재자로서의 자신의 형태를 드러내고 자신이 가진 특유의 내재성을 구술적인 정보로서 발산한다. <70mK>는 특정 집단이라는 동일선의 연장에서 이런 생명적 개체들의 형태와 정보를 미학적으로 구조화하여 새로운 개체화를 이루어낸다. 프레임 속의 존재자들, 각 개체들은 서로가 대화를 나누거나 소통하는 것이 아니라 카메라를 향한 전면 응시, 즉 작품을 관람하는 사람들을 향해 그들이 가진 전개체적 실재로서의 관계성과 개성을 전달한다. 그것은 각 개체들이 보여주는 이질성과 차이의 반복적 배치와 구성인 동시에 그 이면에 집단적 동일성을 내포한 연쇄 작용이다. <70mK>는 개성을 드러내는 인터뷰이들의 직접적인 이미지와 소리를 구조화하여 전시영상작품이라는 새로운 정보전달 방식의 형태를 이루어낸다. 이러한 점은 정신적이고 집단적인 개체화의 의미와 관개체적인 관계성의 의미와 과정을 은유하게 하고 지각하게 한다. 이것은 개체화라는 생성의 과정과 관계의 의미를 현대 기술과 함께 사유한 질베르 시몽동의 개체화론으로 설명하기 적합한 사례이다. <70mK>가 구축한 전시공간은 특정 집단의 개체들 사이를 관통하여 연결되는 정신적이고 집단적인 의미와 그 관계성을 미학적인 방법론으로 함의하고 있다. 시몽동은 개체화라는 과정에 대한 사유와 생성의 의미를 고찰하며 현대의 기술이 가진 가능성과 잠재력을 긍정한 철학자이다. <70mK>는 현대의 기술 매커니즘과 네트워크적 행위들이 매개되어 구조화되고 생성된 윤리적 실재성으로서의 새로운 개체이다. 그것은 기술이 협업 된 개체화 과정에 인터뷰가 어떻게 '변환' 작용으로 기능하는지에 대한 미학적이고 실천적인 방법론을 보여주는 사례이다. <70mK>가 보여주는 직접적인 이미지와 소리는 생명적 개체의 정보들이 운반, 증폭, 축적되며 발산하는 정보의 체계이자 정신적이고 집단적인 풍경으로서의 새로운 개체이다. 그것은 복수의 개체화를 통해 새롭게 생성된 전시예술작품에 내포된 개체초월적인 의미작용과 과정에 대한 하나의 표상이기도 하다. 개체화된 준안정적 상태로서의 미디어전시예술은 작품을 관람하는 이들이 동일한 전개체적 실재를 인지하고 정념적 감정을 느끼는 새로운 관계 맺기를 이끌어낸다. <70mK>의 전시공간은 의미작용의 표상을 넘어 관개체적 집단의 실질적인 가능성을 예비하는 무대가 된다.