• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.2
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• pp.30-52
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to clarify that neonatal massage is a nursing intervention which is desirable to LBW by making nurses provide such massage service to LBW hospitalized at NICU and confirming effects of the service on weight gain, vital signs and stress hormones(cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine). The data were collected from Dec. 14, 1998 to Oct. 4, 1999. The subjects were 28 LBW infants. The data were analyzed with the SAS program with T-test, Chi-square test and ANOVA. 1. The Experimental group that received neonatal massage showed a higher daily gain of weight than the comparative group. Weight gain for 10 days and weight gain of seven days after the massage were also higher in the former group than in the latter, indicating that there are statistically significant differences between the two groups.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the effects of a massage program on the growth of premature infants and on the mothers' confidence and satisfaction in the mothering role. Methods: The participants were 29 mothers of premature infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit at CNU Hospital (14 in the massage program group and 15 in control group). Massage was done for 10-15 minutes, 2-3 times a day for 4 weeks. The data were using the SAS PC+ program. Result: Significant differences were found in the ratios of weight gain (Z=2.24, p=.013), grow in length (Z=2.50, p=.006) and increase in head circumference (Z=1.91, p=.028) between the massage program group and the control group. Confidence in the mothering role was significantly higher for mothers in the massage program group compared to those in the control group (Z=2.69, p=.004), but there was no significant difference in satisfaction with the mothering role between the two groups (Z=.88, p=.191). Conclusion: These results suggest that the massage program enhances growth of premature infants as well as enhancing the mother's confidence in her role as mother. Therefore, the massage program for premature infants can be use as an effective nursing intervention.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of massage on the level of stress hormone in the urine in preterm infants. Method: The design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design quasi experimental study. Fifty-eight preterm infants were assigned to the experimental(31) or control group(27). The data were collected from March 2002 to August 2003. The massage stimulation was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes twice a day for 10 days. On day 1 and day 10 of the study, a 24 hour-urine sample was collected for norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol assays. In data analysis, SPSSWIN 10.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test. Results: General characteristics of the two groups showed no significant differences, thus the two groups were found to be homogenous. The 24 hour-urine cortisol of the massage group (t=4.61, p=.000) was significantly reduced compared to the control group after 10 days. Conclusions: The results suggest that the massage stimulation can be used to reduce 24 hour-urine cortisol in preterm infants. Therefore, massage provided in the incubator is recommended for reduction of stress in preterm infants who are hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.701-709
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to measure breast discomfort, breast pumping time, and breast milk compositions, specially lipid, calorie, and creamatocrit, after Oketani breast massage program. This study is a single group pretest-posttest design. Seventeen mothers who have preterm babies were received Oketani breast massage program. To evaluate the effects of Oketani massage program, data were measured the breast discomfort by the visual analogue scale, breast pumping time, and breast milk lipid, calorie, creamatocrit by a Creamatocrit plus machine, the standard centrifuge with digital calipers. The breast discomfort was significantly reduced after two Oketani breast massage programs(p<.05). In terms of composition of breast milk, lipid, calorie, and crematocrit were significantly increased after second Oketani massage program(p<.05). The Oketani breast massage program applied to mothers who have preterm babies could reduce breast discomfort and increase lipid, calorie, and creamatocrit of breast milk.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.188-202
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of one-to-one labor support on labor pain, labor stress response, childbirth experience and neonatal status for primipara by a quasi experiment (nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design), from April 30, 1999 to February 20, 2000. The subjects of this experiment consisted of eighty two primipara with single gestation, full term, uncomplicated pregnancies. Forty one were in the experimental group and forty one in the control group. Their mean age was 25.95 years, their mean gestation period was 39.9 weeks. A caring package of one-to-one labor support had three components. Physical support consisted of massage, back pressure, touch. Emotional support was provided by a continuous nurse's presence, acceptance and encouragement. Informational support involved teaching breathing skills, relaxation skills and knowledge about the labor process. Data assessed labor pain, pulse rate and blood pressure to measure labor stress response. Also, in measuring the value of labor stress response, plasma epinephrine, plasma norepinephrine and serum cortisol were measured. In the 24 hours after birth, the data for the postpartum mother's childbirth experiences was collected. Umbilical cord arterial blood pH, one minute and five minute Apgar score were measured after birth. Data was analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test, repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA with SAS Program. The results were as follows; 1. Labor pain was significantly low in the experimental group(P=.016). 2. No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, serum cortisol, pulse rate and blood pressure. 3. The childbirth experience of the experimental group was significantly more positive than the control group (P = .005). 4. The umbilical cord arterial blood pH of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group(P=.014). There was no significant difference between the two groups in neonatal one minute and five minute Apgar scores. In conclusion, these findings indicate that one-to-one labor support could be effective in decreasing labor pain, and increasing positive childbirth experiences, also increasing the neonatal umbilical cord arterial blood pH for primipara. So, one-to-one labor support could be applied as an effective nursing treatment for primipara.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.262-280
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• 1999

This study was Performed to understand Pediatric Pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition. it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit. oncology unit, neonatal unit. neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective Pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%) And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the 'Faces Rating Scale' is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%) , distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric Physical development (Mn = 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively Quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to Pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration' Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).