• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 2016

Purpose: The MERS(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) outbreaks in Korea highlighted dramatically the failings of traditional hospital environment for controlling or preventing infections among both patients and healthcare workers. MERS is transmitted by droplets that can be airborne over a limited area. The point should be emphasized that MERS in South Korea was predominantly a hospital-acquired (not a community-acquired) infection, because approximately 93% of MERS cases were resulted from exposure in hospital settings. This paper tries to suggest the design guidelines of negative pressured isolation ward for the sake of proper control of severe respiratory infectious diseases. Methods: Literature survey on the design guideline and regulations of airborne infection wards in Korea, Europe U.K. and CDC of U.S. have been carries out. 4 special infection wards in Hongkong, Germany, Japan and Korea have been surveyed in order to make the best use of the experiences related to facility design and operations. Results: Operating system influencing the facility design, space organizations of infectious ward including required space and zoning, and circulations of patients, staffs and materials are proposed. Implications: The results of this paper can be the basic data for the design of the airborne infection ward and relevant regulations. Afterwards in-depth study such as the development of space standards for the single bedroom, locker room and so on could be explored.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

A thermal flow sensor has been fabricated and characterized, consisting of a center resistive heater surrounded by two upstream and one downstream temperature sensing resistors. The heater and temperature sensing resistors are fabricated from nitrogen-doped(n-type) polycrystalline silicon carbide(poly-SiC) deposited by LPCVD(low pressure chemical vapor deposition) on LPCVD silicon nitride films on a Si substrate. Cavities were etched into the Si substrate from the front side to create suspended silicon nitride membranes carrying the poly-SiC elements. One upstream sensor is located $50{\mu}m$ from the heater and has a sensitivity of $0.73{\Omega}$/sccm with ${\sim}15\;ms$ rise time in a dynamic range of 1000 sccm. N-type poly-SiC has a linear negative temperature coefficient and a TCR(temperature coefficient of resistance) of $-1.24{\times}10^{-3}/^{\circ}C$ from room temperature to $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bulk fermentation on chemical, chromatic, and organoleptic characteristics of burley leaf tobacco. The pile of ferment processing was taken up 32 days under the conolitions of leaf moisture contents of $28\pm1%$, with a pressure of some 200kg/$m^2$ within a closed room (mean air temperature and relative humidity ; 20.5$^{\circ}C$ and 58.7%). The pile was opened up and reconstructed two times when the maximum inside temperature reached at $45~46^{\circ}C$. The nicotine content was decreased, but amomnia contents and pH were significantly increased by bulk fermentation. Otherwise, the contents of total nitrogen, total volatile base, organic acids, and fatty acids were not affected by same treatment. The value of L(black to white), a(red to green) and b(yellow to blue) in chromatic characteristics were significantly decreased by bulk fermentation. In sensory test of the cigarettes made by addition of the tormented tobacco leaves after toasting in proportion of 19-25%, no negative characteristics in irritation, taste, and preference were detected in comparison with normally processed cigarettes(19%, 2 years fermentation, toasting). The results suggest that bulk fermentation may be useful to increase the proportion of burley leaf tobacco in the cigarettes and to shorten the period of storage for aging.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.267-280
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the status of infection control nurses (ICNs) and their activities, and to identify the factors affecting the level of infection control activities. Methods: Data were collected from 199 hospitals from June 24 to July 26, 2016. The structured questionnaires included status of infection control nurses, type and level of infection control activities. Results: Most participating hospital were advanced general hospital (20.1%) and general hospital (67.8%). Among the hospitals, 86.4% had an infection control department (ICD). The average hospital work experience of ICNs was 14.62 years, and their average infection control career was for 4.94 years. Among the ICNs, 85.6% worked in full time and the average number of beds per ICN was 311.21. There were significant differences in the existence of ICD, infection control activities including surveillance, outbreak investigation, negative pressure room, hand hygiene monitoring, disinfection, and sterilization according to hospital size. The level of infection control activities was higher with more number of ICNs, ICN employment as full time, and healthcare institution accreditation status. The explanatory power was 37.5%. Conclusion: These results of this study which reflect infection control status of healthcare facilities with more than 150 beds in 2016 will provide baseline data to establish infection control system in small to medium sized hospitals after the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2015.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1240-1247
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• 2008

Leakage trouble on the sea water pipeline in engine room is often resulted from a localized corrosion due to severe corrosive environment caused by both high speed and high pressure of sea water flowing through the inner pipe. In addition, when the ship is in stand-by or emergency condition, underwater welding to control the leakage of sea water from a hole of its pipe is very important in an industrial safety point of view. In this study possibility of underwater welding to control leakage of sea water and corrosion property of its welding zone were investigated with the electrochemical methods by parameters of welding methods and welding electrodes when underwater welding is achieved with a such case that sea water is being leaked out with a height at 50mm from a hole of $2.5mm{\emptyset}$ of test pipe. Corrosion resistance of weld metal zone is better than the base metal and its hardness is higher than that of the base metal. However corrosion potential of weld metal zone showed a negative value than that of the base metal, therefore weld metal zone is preferentially corroded rather than the base metal by performance of galvanic cell due to difference of corrosion potential between weld metal zone and base metal. Eventually it is suggested that leakage of sea water is successfully controlled by underwater welding,

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2004

Purpose: The infected diabetic foot patients were reviewed to analyze the result of new dressing methods using a wall-suction instruments. Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients treated with wall-suction assisted vacuum dressing were included. After debridement under local anesthesia, a sponge pad, a drain, and a surgical drape were used to seal the wound. Negative pressure applied by the wall-suction at around 200 mmHg and dressing were repeated in every two to three days. The results of repeated wound cultures, growth of granulation tissues, and CRP level were closely observed on the regular basis. Results: Rapid growth of granulation tissues was noticed around the wound in 16 cases. No organism was obtained in an average 5 days and wound coverage was possible in an average 18 days. The CRP level returned to normal in an average 4 weeks. Two patients with end stage renal disease, who were regularly hemodialised, underwent major amputation. Conclusion: New dressing method has the following advantages: a rapid wound improvement in the patients with infected diabetic foot, less expensive, less painful, impediment of bacterial contamination in the hospital room. However, further study will be needed for the end stage renal disease patients.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2016

This study analyzed the performance of smoke exhaustion installed to secure the life safety from the smoke each opening modes, as performing the simulation on the Jeju regions generating to strong windy using CONTAM. We assessed the effectiveness of the system under conditions of high external winds as well as an ambient wind conditions. It also assessed the relative effectiveness of opening all vents versus opening only those vents which served rooms in which the fire was located. This study revealed external winds exerted a substantial impact on the performance of the smoke ventilation system. It was found that opening the ventilation system in the room containing the fire resulted in a greater performance than opening vents in both fire in all rooms. The reduced performance of the smoke ventilation system upon the opening of all vents is thought to be due to the intrusion of outside air, and the establishment of unfavorable air circulation, caused by the negative pressure generated in the building.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.434-442
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• 2010

This study was carried out to determine necessary conditions for optimal ventilation of small windowless piglet house (4.0 (W) $\times$ 11.0 (L) $\times$ 2.6(H) m) with corridor and attic for preheating using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The experimental weaning piglet house was consisted of a corridor, an attic, 4 rooms (3.0 (W) $\times$ 2.75(L) m), 3 fences (0.7(H) m), 5 air inlets and 2 exhaust fans (0.4 (D) m) and simulated using CFD code, FLUENT. The simulation results for the experimental weaning piglet house showed that each room was uniformly ventilated under all the experimental conditions and air velocities at 0.1 m above floor are less than 0.15 m/s for 0.75 m/s and 1.0 m/s of air inlet velocity but 0.61 m/s for 1.25 m/s. The simulation results are similar to the measured results. Considering the air flow pattern, ventilating efficiency, air velocity at 0.1 m above floor and cold stress of weaning piglets and so on, the optimum velocity of air inlet might be 1.0 m/s.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2020

Purpose: Though Korean healthcare services have been upgraded, infection and fire had been broken out in general hospitals. And higher concerns about quality assessment made it to clinical laboratory design guideline studies. So, this study investigates the facilities, equipment and personnel of laboratory medicine focusing on more than five hundred fifty bed hospital, and contributes to make guidelines for safety and efficiency in lab. Methods: Questionnaires to supervisor technologist and field surveys to medical laboratories in korean hospitals have been conducted for the data collection. 16 answers have been analysed statistically by MS Excel program. Results: Most of the sample tests such as hematology, clinical chemistry, immunology, transfusion, urinalysis, microbiology and molecular diagnosis are performed by more than 80% in large sized general hospital laboratory. In the test methods, automatic analyzers are used up to 80%, total laboratory automation up to 43% in clinical chemistry and immunology, and manual tests in all sorts of the test. There are placed in single lab or two and three labs above the ground, which are all in semi-open lab. There is some correlation with the number of specimens and the number of lab people depending on the number of hospital beds. Laboratory environment shows that work distance is good, but evacuation path width, visibility, separation of staff area from automatic analyzer, and equipment installations are needed to have more spaces and gears. Most of the infection controls are equipped with mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning, washbasin and wastewater separation, BSC installation and negative pressure lab room. Implications: Although the laboratory space area is calculated considering the number of hospital beds, type of tests and number of staff, hospital's expertise and the samples numbers per year should be taken into account in the planning of the hospital.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.206-211
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• 2019

Silicon carbide (SiC) thin films become superhard when they have microstructures of nanocolumnar crystalline grains (NCCG) with an intergranular amorphous SiC matrix. We investigated the role of ion bombardment and deposition temperature in forming the NCCG in SiC thin films. A direct-current (DC) unbalanced magnetron sputtering method was used with pure Ar as sputtering gas to deposit the SiC thin films at fixed target power of 200 W and chamber pressure of 0.4 Pa. The Ar ion bombardment of the deposited films was conducted by applying a negative DC bias voltage 0-100 V to the substrate during deposition. The deposition temperature was varied between room temperature and $450^{\circ}C$. Above a critical bias voltage of -80 V, the NCCG formed, whereas, below it, the SiC films were amorphous. Additionally, a minimum thermal energy (corresponding to a deposition temperature of $450^{\circ}C$ in this study) was required for the NCCG formation. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and glancing angle X-ray diffraction analysis (GAXRD) were conducted to probe the samples' structural characteristics. Of those methods, Raman spectroscopy was a particularly efficient non-destructive tool to analyze the formation of the SiC NCCG in the film, whereas GAXRD was insufficiently sensitive.