• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.85-119
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• 2013

This paper asks whether the Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy should continue to focus on building ocean-going naval ships when it faces the threats of North Korean provocations in littoral areas. My position is that the ROK Navy should keep pursuing ocean-going capabilities. I provide explanations why it should do so from the perspectives of three important dimensions: capability, doctrine, and organizational identity. First, I argue that the distinction between a littoral navy and an ocean-going navy is an unnecessary dichotomy. It may lead to inefficiency in national security. The military posture should be designed in a way that it can address all external threats to national security regardless of whether they are from North Korea or not. Such capability is the one that the ROK Navy has tried to acquire with the 'Blue Water Navy' initiative since the 1990s. Second, also from the perspective of lately developed military doctrines that emphasize jointness and precision strike capability, ocean-going capabilities such as the mobile task fleet program have become a must, not an option, given today's security situations on and around the Korean peninsula. Lastly, I draw attention to the fact that the 'Blue Water Navy (BWN)' initiative meant more than just capability to the ROK navy. The BWN represents the ROK navy's organizational identity that the navy has defined since the 1980s as it emphasized promoting national interest and international standing as part of its organizational essence. Furthermore, the phrase 'blue water navy' took on symbolic meanings to the people that are associated with South Korean-ness including sovereignty, national pride, standing in the world and hopes for the future. Since 1990s, many scholars and experts have made the case for the necessity of improving South Korea's naval capability based on different rationales. They emphasized the protection of Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs), the economic value of the sea, the potential danger associated with territorial disputes over islands, and increasing naval power of neighboring countries since the end of the Cold War. This paper adds to this debate by trying to explain the matter with different factors including naval doctrines and organizational identity. Particularly, this paper constitutes a unique endeavor in that it incorporating constructivist elements (that is, identity politics) in explaining a national security matter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.159-169
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• 2000

The purpose of this study Is to research the clothing and textiles recorded in Heikemonokatary which was written from 1131 to 1198. The research materials are 36 kinds of men's clothes and ornaments, 6 kinds of women's things, 10 kinds of colorings and 6 kinds of textiles. The results of this study are as follow : 1. There were many advanced warriors' clothes. Especially the helmets and armors were very gorgeous. The shapes of warriors' knives, arrows, shields were concretely described. The women's clothes were mostly unchanged from Nara period and Heian period. Women wore clothes on their heads when they went out. 2. One particular thing in color is that the brown color of that period was navy blue which is symbolic of victory. There were some textiles which was woven with the boiled silk thread in the latitude and the raw silk thread in the longitude. Besides, the blackening of teeth, the bobbed haler of boys, and the celebration of one's corning of age were described in the book.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.25
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• pp.63-69
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate to the costumes in a portrait of the Buddhist Monk of JUN-NAM's local Temple. The Kasa was used to base of the rule be-cause this was not our's own costumes. There-fore size, form, wearing-assistance ornament of Kasa were to similiar to the rule's Kasa. But in case of color were used to pink, yellow, chest-nut except the red color. A Buddhist monk's robe were putted on adapt to climate in our nation. Without special condition, a Buddhist monk's robe were used to varied color, that is grey, green, pink, blue,(light, navy) blue, chestnut etc.

• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.352-376
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• 2018

Through this research, the current state of naval coordination and guidance of shipping is reviewed whereupon which a suggestion is made for a novel role which satisfies the needs of the people and the country asked of the Navy. Taking into consideration the dynamic security environment, the developing relationship between the two nations on the Korean peninsula, and the influence that the Republic of Korea has on maritime security, it is made more urgent that the Navy takes a proactive course of action in terms of naval coordination and guidance of shipping. The current form of Korean naval coordination and guidance of shipping is adapted from the logical and flexible concepts of NCAPS and NCAGS and is one of many tasks that the Republic of Korea Navy must perform. However, when the Republic of Korea Navy develops blue-water capabilities with the ambitions of protecting its people and their way of life, naval coordination and guidance of shipping could potentially become one of the primary functions of the Republic of Korea Navy that the it must champion. Already, there are indications that foreign navies are, through many developments and commitment towards naval coordination and guidance of shipping, protecting its people and states' interests wherever is necessary. In the case of Chile, its Navy has taken the helm of naval coordination and guidance of shipping and has integrated various maritime organizations including the coast guard and the National Customs Service for the sake of maintaining regional maritime security, showing immediate force if necessary. Presently, as the Republic of Korea Navy looks to be a global naval power, it is important that a reprioritization of the Navy's mission is undertaken, all the while sustaining military readiness posture on the Northern Limit Line. It cannot be any more emphasized how crucial thorough military readiness posture is as a natural stance against the enemy. That being said, contributing towards international maritime security is consistent with the nation's standing. It is a fact that maritime security has been conceptualized and developed merely as a study within the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Republic of Korea Navy, and other governmental organizations, forces, and academia. Naval cooperation and guidance of shipping suggested by this research as a practical operational field is a concrete solution to what once was an abstract concept. To stand firm on its status as a maritime nation, the Republic of Korea must establish a Maritime Security Organization within its Navy and develop the appropriate doctrines. Attaining experts, developing doctrines, and cultivating the capability to deploy maritime forces will allow for the Republic of Korea to execute a primary role in keeping international maritime security and naval coordination and guidance of shipping. To fully achieve its latent potential necessitates the Republic of Korea Navy to expedite the introduction of naval coordination and guidance of shipping concepts and to establish the appropriate doctrines, operation plans, and organizations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.105-118
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• 2016

A naval combat system is the system of systems who supports naval indigenous operations by integrating and inter-operating many different kind of weapons, which has characteristics of large scale complex computing system. ROK Navy has been built a blue ocean navy, so that large scale warships are under constructions. However, warship combat system architecture has not been well studied so far in Korea. The paper focuses on current combat system architecture and propose the next generation combat system architecture, which will give the development direction of ROK Navy. In order to complete combat system architecture studies, the system engineering process shall be applied to the study. Moreover, ARENA simulation tool is used for verification of combat system architecture. The system engineering process is as follows: next-generation naval combat system requirement analysis, functional architecture analysis and physical architecture analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.181-193
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to classify bedclothes purchase motives and to examine how bedclothes purchase mo-tives and design preferences very accord-ing to age and income. Samples were 217 housewives residing in metropolitan area. Questionnaire included 17 Likert type items of bedclothes pur-chase motive measure 12 items of color preference 7 items of pattern (floral geo-metric abstract stripe plaid polka dot, and paisley pattern). The results of the study were as fol-lows. 1. 5 factors of bedclothes purchase mo-tives were derived by factor analysis ; F .1 'design': F 2. "brand' ; F.3. 'deficiency'; F. 4. 'fabric' F.5. 'economical reason' 2. Subjects perceived design and utility area to be important motives for bed-clothes purchase. 3. Cholor preference of bedclothes was in the order of white pale blue pale green and pale orange. Pattern preference was in the order of stripe plaid solid color floral and polka dot pattern. The combi-nation of patterned fabric and solid color fabric was liked better than the combina-tion of analogic color and the combination of contrasting color. 4. The women in their 20's liked navy blue red stripe plaid pattern and solied color better than 30's and 40's . 40's liked abstract and paisley pattern better then 20's and 30's 5. Low income group lied navy blue and solid color fabric more than the mid-dle and high income group and liked ab-stract pattern less than the middle and high income group. 6. Women in their 20's perceived design to be important motive more than 30's and 40's. 30's perceived brand to be im-portant motive than 20's and 40's 7. High income group perceived design to be important motive more than the middle and low income group. Low in-come group perceived brand and fabric to be less important motives than the middle and high income group, The present findings provide that age and income had a significant effect on bedclothes purchase motives and design preferences of houesewives. The results that white color and the combination of patterned fabric and solid color fabric were liked best indicated that women prefered clean image and chacteristics de-sign of bdeclothes.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.159-204
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• 2020

This study is written to bring the proposal forward for the direction of south korean naval force. The political situation and the circumstance of the world, especially in the area of Pacific Ocean, are changing very rapidly. North Korea has been always the conventional existing intimidator for South Korea since the 6·25-War. Additionally, the strengthening movements of the national defense, which is easily noticed from China and Russia, is also an other part of intimidating countries against South Korea. Those three mentioned countries are continually developing the asymmetrical warfare systems, for example a strategic nuclear weapon. Since the Obama Administration, the Asia-Pacific Rebalancing-Strategy has been changed as an East Asian foreign policy. Nowadays, Trump Administration renamed the 'United States Pacific-Command' to 'United States Indo-Pacific Command'. The purpose of this is not only letting India to participate in american alliance, but also reducing an economic burden, which is often mentioned in USA. West Germany was located in the very similar geopolitical position during the Cold War just like South Korea these days. And that's why the strategy of West German Navy is worthy of notice for south korean naval force to decide its suitable strategy. Most of all, the two most important things to refer to this study are the plan to expand naval air force and the realistic political stand for us to take it. In conclusion, I laid an emphasis on maintenance of 'green-water-navy'. instead of selecting the strategy as a 'blue-water-navy'. The reason I would like to say, is that south korean navy is not available to hold the unnecessary war potential, just like Aircraft-Carrier. However, this is not meaning to let the expansion of naval force carelessly. We must search the best solution in order to maintain the firm peace within the situation. To fulfill this concept, it is mostly very important to maintain the stream of laying down a keel of destroyers, submarines and air-defense-missile, as well as the hight-tech software system, taking a survey of 4th industrial revolution. Research and development for the best solution of future aircraft by south korean navy is likewise necessary. Besides, we must also set the international diplomatic flexibly. As well as maintaining the relationship with US Forces, it is also very important to improve the relationship with other potential allied nation.

• Maritime Security
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.55-83
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• 2022

For humankind, the ocean is a treasure trove of natural resources and an important area that provides major transportation routes. However, marine ecosystems are under threat amidst the global climate change crisis. This is partly due to various sources of pollution emitted from ships, shore facilities, and other sources. In response, the navies of advanced countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe have assessed such a climate change crisis as a new maritime security threat. These countries have made early efforts to prevent marine pollution from warships. These efforts have been legally embodied. This was legislation for technical and organizational structures to be practically applied in the field. Among these navies of developed countries, France has established parliamentary and intergovernmental plans to become a leader in environmental protection at the defense level, not only in the European region but throughout the world. Within this framework, the French Navy, through its internal instruction, has inclined its legal efforts to prevent marine pollution from warships. Therefore, this study examines the legislation for the prevention of marine pollution from warships within the French Navy and compares it with the marine environmental legislation applicable to the ROK Navy. It then deduces the implications for the ROK navy, which is advancing toward a Blue-Water navy.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.646-656
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• 2015

This study investigates the conditions of Korean naval duty and combat uniforms to develop a new design. Survey participants consisted of, 723 Sailors ($25.3{\pm}6.9yr$ in age, $43{\pm}53$ months in work experience, $174{\pm}6cm$ in height, $71{\pm}9kg$ in body mass) serving in the Korean Navy for over 12 months. The questionnaire consisted of 72 questions about anthropometric characteristics, preferred design, textiles, wear mobility, and subjective perceptions. The results showed that the preferred colors for future naval duty uniforms were blue in summer (69%) and black in winter (62%). Digital camouflage pattern (60%) and darker colors on the inside of shirt collar (87%) and the edge of sleeves (84%) were preferred. They favored more than one pocket on the upper arm and chest of the shirts (58%), narrower width around pant legs and hems than the current clothing (63%), self-controlled elastic waist (55%) and no cargo type pocket on the pants (45%). There were requirements to alleviate excessive heat stress in summer and to protect from the cold and wind in winter. Wrinkle-free (85%), anti-bacterial (78%), water-proof (75%), oil-proof (90%), and elastic (67%) textiles were preferred for Korean navy uniforms. These results will be applied to develop the next generation Korean navy uniforms.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.344-352
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• 2000

Two kinds of nylon 6 fabrics with different fiber denier, such as ultramicro fiber(UMF) nonwoven fabric(monodenier 0.05d) and regular fabric(monodenier 2.92d) are dyed with C.I. Acid Red 18(leveling type) and C.I. Acid Blue 113(milling type). Dyeing rates and adsorption isotherms are measured at $60^\circ{C}$, pH 5.0 and at liquor ratio of 1 : 250. To investigate the effect of fixing agents (Matexil FA-SNX, Monorex-RD and Tinofix-ECO) on UMF nylon 6 nonwoven fabric, dyeing is carried out at 3~10% owf with 1 : 2 metal-complex acid dyes, such as Kayalax Navy R(unsulphonated type), Lanasyn Blue S-BL(monosulphonated type) and Kayakalan Black BGL(disulphonated type). The dyeing rate of UMF nylon 6 is faster than that of regular nylon 6. From the results of absorption isotherms, the regular nylon 6 has higher saturation value of Acid Red 18 compared with UMF nylon 6, whereas UMF nylon 6 has higher saturation value of the acid Blue 113. From the absorption isotherms of both acid dyes, the regular nylon 6 has higher saturation value of Acid Red 18, whereas UMF nylon 6 has higher saturation value of the acid Blue 113. The wash fastnesses of UMF nylon 6 increases in the order of metal-complek dye containing nonsulphonated group > monosulphonated group>disulphonated group. Aftertreatment of UMF nylon 6 dyed with unsulponated and monosulphonated dyes improves wash fastness upto grade 1.5, where as that of UMF nylon 6 dyes with disulphonated dye does not improve wash fastness.