• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-97
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• 1995

The protection of the marine environment is one of the main international legal problems in recent years. In parallel with the industrial development, a great quantity of chemical materials were used and in consequence, mass transportation of oil and other dangerous materials was required on the one hand, and discharge of industrial wasters drew also the attention on the other hand. Furthermore, oil tankers accidents, mass use of nuclear materials, sea-bed exploration and exploitation stimulated further deep human concern on the marine environment. The expansion of international concern to new and more dangerous sources of marine pollution regarded more strict and legal control on the Oil Tanker(DWT 95, 000tons, Cb=0.805) model. Calculation results are compared to the international, especially regional level. In particular, this study is concerned with the preservation of the Northeast Asian Seas surrounded by Japan, the Russian Far East, South Korea, North Korea, China and Taiwan. These adjacent countries must intensify cooperation regarding the prevention, reduction and control of the contamination of the sea. And this cooperation between the States concerned should, as much as possible, be aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of measures to prevent or abate transboundary environmental pollution. To achieve this purpose, States concerned should be imposed upon duties such as duty to assess the environmental impact, duty to inform, duty to consult and duty to assist on the basis of general principle of international law, international customary law and other various resolutions of international bodies. Depending on the nature and extent of actual or potential transboundary pollution with the use of a natural resource or the environment in general the establishment of some form of institutionalized cooperation between the States concerned may become useful or indispensable. The functions of this Organization are, inter alia, to keep the implementation of the Convention and the protocals under continuous observation, to make recommendations on regional or sub-regional rules and standards to be elaborated and on measures to be taken by the Contracting Parties, to be notified of any grave and imminent danger from pollution or threat of pollution by the Contracting Parties and to promote in close cooperation with appropriate governmental bodies additional measures to protect the marine environment of the Northeast Asian Seas, and so on. Above mentioned countries, first of all, are located within the Northeast Asian Seas geographically and, therefore, take responsibilities of preserving the clean sea against marine interferences regardless of any difference of the social, political and economic systems. They must be followed under the UNCLOS and other marine conventions. Under the present circumstances, Northeast Asian Seas will become dead seas in case that there is no instant and prompt action against pollution. Hence we have an absolute obligation to promote the development of the mandatory international environmental law, which in turn can faciliate more effective implementation of the regional cooperation by the neighbouring states within this area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.791-799
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• 2020

Launched in October 2019, Northrop Grumman's MEV-1 was the world's first unmanned mission demonstrating the practical feasibility of on-orbit servicing. Although the concept of on-orbit servicing was proposed several decades ago, it has been developed to various mission concepts providing services such as orbit change, station keeping, propellant and equipment supply, upgrade, repair, on-orbit assembly and production, and space debris removal. The historical success of MEV-1 is expected to expand the market of on-orbit servicing for government agencies and commercial sectors worldwide. The on-orbit servicing essentially requires the utilization of a highly propellant efficient electric propulsion system due to the nature of the mission. In this study, the space mission analysis for a simple on-orbit mission involving Hall thruster is conducted, which is life extension mission for geostationary orbit satellites. In order to analyze the mission, design space exploration for various Hall thruster design variable combinations is performed. The values of design variables and operational parameters of Hall thruster suitable for the mission are proposed through design space analysis and optimization, and mission performance is derived. In addition, the direction of further improvement for the current on-orbit mission analysis process and space mission analysis involving Hall thruster is reviewed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.264-275
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• 2017

Objective: This study examines the effects of children's art activities through forest experience in relation with Nuri curriculum on environmental sensitivity. Method: A survey was administered to an experimental group of 20 children as well as a control group of 20 children for statistical analysis. after 16-class art activities through forest experience were performed to children aged 4 at a daycare center for 50 days. Result: Children's art activities through forest experience in relation with Nuri curriculum had a positive effect on their environmental sensitivity. In particular, their art activities had a positive effect on their self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy and motivation in the experimental group, supporting the educational effects and benefits of developmental children's art activities through forest experience in relation with Nuri curriculum. In other words, art activities through forest experience are useful in terms of providing children with creative expression activities in art by leading to observation and exploration, as well as educational experiences that have positive attitudes toward the environment. Conclusion: As children's art activities through forest experience have a positive effect on their environmental sensitivity, more useful information on teaching-learning methods will be able to be provided to early childhood teachers in the field. Consequently, children's art activities through forest experience need to be actively introduced in the field of early childhood education as an alternative for learning nature and improving environment-friendly emotional intelligence.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.39
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• pp.131-160
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• 2014

The radicalization of diaspora is a new phenomena that have been begun to emerge in the complex picture of terrorism. The existence of diaspora and its supports for violent terrorist activities have made the whole dynamic of terrorism more complicated and unpredictable. Therefore, this study attempts to understand the relationship between diaspora support and violent terrorist activities in the constellation of other significant correlates of violent terrorist activities discussed in the prior studies. In analyses, the author utilized a step wise regrssion analyses with a set of variable drawn from an emphatical data collected in Arab and Africa region. The data used in this study is called as "MAROB"(the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior), which is developed by START and Minority at Risk project and contains information terrorist groups in Middle-East and Africa region. Considering the significance of this new emergence of the link between diaspora and violent terrorist activities, and the challenging nature of conducting empirical studies on this topic, this study have great contributions on the development in the field of criminal justice as well as terrorism. Other contributions of this study, policy implications, and suggestions for future studies are further discussed in the discussion.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2000

Although it is widely acknowledged that enhancing creativity is an important educational theme on which schools should depend and embody their educational goal and activities, how to do it can be characterized as 'piecemeal' without a whole picture of it. Thus, school practices of creativity education has been disoriented, discontinuous, short-term, and peripheral in nature. In this practical context, a theoretical model of creativity education was developed in ways in which several theoretical concepts based on research findings on a variety of aspects of creativity education were compiled and organized. The core of the model was creative problem solving process to which the goals and the mediating variables of creativity education were connected in relational fashion. By giving repetitive opportunities for creative problem solving geared to producing the results that are novel and useful for the individual as well as the socity, it was conceptualized that two educational goals could be achieved: a short-term goal of developing creative potential of the individual and the long-term goals of self-actualization of the individual and contribution to the society. It is also conceptualized that creative problem solving can be influenced in positive manner by several mediating variables: content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, creative motivation and attitudes, and creative environment. The creative environment is composed of psychological and physical conditions and provides a basis for creativity education. The former three variables are conceptualized as necessary conditions for the effectiveness and efficiency of creative problem solving, when provided appropriately. The four mediating variables ware conceptualized as mutually affecting so that the development of one variable influences positively that of the other, and vice versa. In terms of practical perspective of teaching creativity, developing creative potential, self-actualization, and contribution to society are the goals; creative problem solving process is the methodology; content knowledge and skills, creative cognition, and creative motivation and attitudes are the content; and creative environment is the condition of creativity education. The model is not yet perfect but needs further explorations to make it more detailed in clarifying various relationships. For instance, how the creative problem solving process can be differentiated in teaching various subject matters is yet to be explored. Thus, the model proposed in this study should be regarded as a general model of creativity education, and is relatively sound to be adopted in school practices since it is based on the theoretical as well as empirical study findings on creativity. However, the proposed model needs to be validated through empirical researches in real teaching settings.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

Instructions for the commutative property of multiplication at elementary schools tend to be based on checking the equality between the quantities of 'a times b 'and b' times a, ' for example, $3{\times}4=12$ and $4{\times}3=12$. This article critically examined the approaches to teach the commutative property of multiplication from Kant's perspective of mathematical knowledge. According to Kant, mathematical knowledge is a priori. Yet, the numeric exploration by checking the equality between the amounts of 'a groups of b' and 'b groups of a' does not reflect the nature of apriority of mathematical knowledge. I suggest we teach the commutative property of multiplication in a way that it helps reveal the operational schema that is necessarily and generally involved in the transformation from the structure of 'a times b' to the structure of 'b times a.' Distributive reasoning is the mental operation that enables children to perform the structural transformation for the commutative property of multiplication by distributing a unit of one quantity across the other quantity. For example, 3 times 4 is transformed into 4 times 3 by distributing each unit of the quantity 3, which results in $3{\times}4=(1+1+1){\times}4=(1{\times}4)+(1{\times}4)+(1{\times}4)+(1{\times}4)=4+4+4=4{\times}3$. It is argued that the distributive reasoning is also critical in learning the subsequent mathematics concepts, such as (a whole number)${\times}10$ or 100 and fraction concept and fraction multiplication.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the application of in-depth interviews in terms of exploration on the basis of the theoretical basis of various aspects of consumer empathy, and the question of whether the consumer can expand to the process of self empathy. Most studies related to consumer empathy divide the responsive dimension of consumer empathy into rational and emotional dimension based on empathy theory, and look at the empathic response perceived by consumers to the stimulus presented from the current point of view. In this study, however, we want to go one step further and confirm that the consumers themselves can ultimately go to the self-empathy stage by forming a creative street of reproduction and redevelopment. As a result of exploratory research through in-depth interviews, it was indirectly confirmed that consumer's empathetic response to specific marketing stimulus exists at the level of creative and self-empathetic as well as the emphasis of previous studies. Based on these findings, this study confirmed that consumer empathetic responses could go beyond a single dimension to form a multidimensional structure and move toward an expanded structure of empathic self-creation. This suggests that consumers' empathic responses should be grasped in terms of continuity of empathic responses rather than explained in a specific dimension. Although this study is meaningful as an early research of exploratory nature, it is necessary to supplement various content validity and refine the research method through subsequent studies. This study is expected to expand the understanding that consumer's empathy can be extended to other people's empathy and to be self-empathy.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1998

The communication model has been accepted as the basic research paradigm of cartography since Board(1967) discussed the map/model analogy. In that paradigm, the function of maps was limited to the media of communication, and the functionality of maps was extremely emphasized. Therefore the model could not play its own role under the new environments such as computer, GIS, scientific visualization. Nowadays, the model has been attacked on several grounds and several alternatives have been suggested. Among the objections raised are (1) geographic visualization in which maps are considered as the tool of scientific visualization, (2) the contributions of art which are ignored in the positivist cartographic research, and (3) deconstructionist arguments which deny the scientific epistemology of map as an objective form of knowledge and recognize the textuality of maps including their metaphorical and rhetorical nature. Since a publication by McCormick et al, the scientific visualization based on the powerful computer graphics is used in a wide context. Maps are treated as the tools of scientific visualization and emphasis is on exploration of the geographic data to gain understanding and insight in the geographic visualization processes. The research on geographic visualization have stayed in the early stage of developing the conceptual model and the basic visualization tools. But, it is expected that the geographic or visual thinking which is emphasized in the geographic visualization will contribute the reestablishment of links between cartography and geography. Also, the development of scientific visualization tools and strategies will offer the opportunities to suggest a fresh idea, to synthesize information and develop holistic approaches to geographical problems.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.395-401
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• 2009

The smectite-illite (SI) reaction is a ubiquitous process in siliciclastic sedimentary environments. For the last 4 decades the importance of smectite to illite (S-I) reaction was described in research papers and reports, as the degree of the (S-I) reaction, termed "smectite illitization", is linked to the exploration of hydrocarbons, and geochemical/petrophysical indicators. The S-I transformation has been thought that the reaction, explained either by layer-by-layer mechanism in the solid state or dissolution/reprecipitation process, was entirely abiotic and to require burial, heat, and time to proceed, however few studies have taken into account the bacterial activity. Recent laboratory studies showed evidence suggesting that the structural ferric iron (Fe(III)) in clay minerals can be reduced by microbial activity and the role of microorganisms is to link organic matter oxidation to metal reduction, resulting in the S-I transformation. In abiotic systems, elevated temperatures are typically used in laboratory experiments to accelerate the smectite to illite reaction in order to compensate for a long geological time in nature. However, in biotic systems, bacteria may catalyze the reaction and elevated temperature or prolonged time may not be necessary. Despite the important role of microbe in S-I reaction, factors that control the reaction mechanism are not clearly addressed yet. This paper, therefore, overviews the current status of microbially mediated smectite-to-illite reaction studies and characterization techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.9-22
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• 2010

This research is attempted to investigate Dongcheon-rock inscription- to understand symbolic meanings from inscribed texts and to find its construction purpose. For the investigation, 25 target areas were selected for field exploration and literature review regarding Dongcheon were also performed. Several design characteristics of Dongcheon are as follows: First, Dongcheon has four criteria according to creation purpose: residential type(家居地型), hermitage type(隱棲地型), nature excursion type(山水遊覽型), aesthetic scenery type(勝景型), moral training type(修身型) and spiritual discipline type(修道地型). This category shows that Dongcheon is constructed at residential area, shelters, and place for leisure, mortal training and spiritual discipline. Second, Dongcheon is also classified by its location: location on village entrance in a deep forest(深山同口型) and location on near stream(溪流隣接型); location on near stream has also two types(連繫型, 單一領域型): location on an independent territory and location horizontal ground(平地型). Through garden creators' managing their garden in forest, valley and scenic spots, they pursue utopia. Third, naming is a way to create new landscape places. By naming a certain natural landscape as Dongcheon, the landscape is symbolized as utopia, appearing fairyland. Designer's desire and thoughts are saturated in Dongcheon.