• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.72-82
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• 2001

The progress of giant dyke construction off the Mangyung and Donajin rivers, has yielded enormous impact on the estuarine environment, both hydrodynamically and sedimentologically. Especially the inter-dyke gap in the northern Saemankeum area, 4 km wide between Yamido and Piungdo, has acted as an artificial tidal inlet. Due to such a changed geometry, tidal regime has been reversed from being flood- to ebb-dominated with a directional change from NE-SW to E-W. As a result, a large tongue-like tidal sand bar (named Saemankeum Bar) has conspicuously grown seaward through the artificial tidal inlet. The Saemankeum Bar composed of well-sorted very fine sands (3.0-3.5${\phi}$) has grown at a rate of 1.63 km/yr for the past three yews (1996-1998). Such a rapid growth of the sand bar is attributed to enhanced sediment supply derived from the degradation of former tidal sand bars at the mouth of the Mangyung River. Eventually the reworking of the tidal sand bars also caused the pre-existing tidal channels to be wider, deeper and more straightened. All of these phenomena well examplify the critical effect of artificial modifications on the natural estuarine environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.156-167
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• 1979

Physiological characteristics of Panax ginseng were reviewed in relation to temperature. According to the old literatures and records of cultivator's experiences it was elucidated that ginseng plants require light but hate high temperature and that the cultural methods were developed to content two characteristics in contradiction. Low temperature (cool climate) during growing season seems (or ginseng to be essential and to escape from the extreme coldness according to air and soil temperature of natural habitat and cultivated area. Optimum temperature of dehiscence (15∼below 20$^{\circ}C$) is a little higher than that of germination (10∼15$^{\circ}C$). Optimum temperature for growing of new buds (18∼20$^{\circ}C$) is similar to that for growing after emergence (17∼21$^{\circ}C$). Dormancy of both matured embryo and new buds is broken at the same temperature (2∼3$^{\circ}C$). It seems reasonable that optimum temperature of photosynthesis (22$^{\circ}C$) is similar to that of growth. Respiration quotients of various organs or of whole plant ranged from 1.7 to 3 incrased with high temperature. Respiratory consumption and oxygen limitation seem to be potential factors to induce decay during dehiscence and germination of seeds and root rot in fields. Research on organ differentiation. photosynthesis, respiration and growth with age is needed for the development of cultivation methods.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.3 s.61
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

For the last 20 years, China has transformed itself from a rural economy into an industrial giant, averaging over 8 % annual growth of GDP. Unfortunately, this rapid growth has taken a significant toll on its natural resource base as well, particularly water resources. These problems have been exacerbated by a low level of sewage treatment technology and by the operating and maintenance (O&M). In case of urban areas, most big cities in China have a well functioning sewage system comprised of sewers and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Nevertheless, the existing STPs are still not capable of properly treating the sewage, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The rural areas in China cover a large land, with two-third of the nation's population. The low educational and poor economic states make it hard to process self-protection and management. In the surveyed area in Henan, there was no STPs put into use as of 2004, and the sewer lines are not well organized. The big issue for the currently planned STPs is the collection system not included in the plans.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2014

This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century as they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization and growth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasing awareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an important question of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge was traditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows the ownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter half of the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercialization of academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalization of patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy in turn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledge and the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biological and biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biological knowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent to the welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable development for humanity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.220-227
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• 2012

This study was conducted to analyze the seeding quality of paprika and the growth and early yield after transplanting of paprika nursed under artificial light and natural light. In this study, blue LED, red LED, and white fluorescent lamps (FL) were used as artificial lighting sources. Photoperiod, average photosynthetic photon flux, air temperature, and relative humidity in a closed transplants production system (CTPS) were maintained at 16/8 h, $204{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 26/$20^{\circ}C$, and 70%, respectively. Leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, top fresh weight and dry weight of paprika seedlings, and chlorophyll content in paprika leaves nursed under LED and fluorescent lamps for 21 days after experiment were significantly affected by light treatments. As compared with the control (white FL), leaf area of paprika grown under blue LED, red LED, and natural light was decreased by 63%, 63%, and 28%, respectively. Top dry weight of paprika grown under blue LED, red LED, and natural light was 64%, 50%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Number of leaves on 18 days after transplanting showed with red LED, blue LED, and natural light by 86%, 84%, and 48%, respectively, compared with the control. On 114 days after transplanting, paprika nursed under blue LED and red LED had relatively short plant height. This result might be caused that the elongation of its internodes was suppressed by the illumination of sole blue or red light. Average number of fruits per plant harvested during 4 weeks after first harvest was 3.5 with red LED, 3.3 with blue LED, 1.0 with natural light, and 2.2 with control, respectively. Early yield of paprika nursed under red LED, blue LED, natural light, and control were 453 g/plant, 403 g/plant, 101 g/plant, and 273 g/plant, respectively. Larger fruit of 136 g was harvested with red LED treatment. Even though the early yield of paprika was greatly increased with artificial lighting, but total yield was almost similar as the harvest period after transplanting in greenhouses was lengthened. From the above results, we could understand that paprika nursed under white FL, blue LED, and red LED showed good growth after transplanting and was early harvested by a week as compared to the natural light. Therefore, the white FL, blue LED, and red LED as the artificial lighting sources in CTPS could be strategically used to enhance the seedling quality, to shorten the harvest time, and to increase the yield of paprika.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.102-114
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• 1998

Ecotourism has surged from conflicts between negative impacts of mass tourism and environmental issues. As an alternative tourism, ecotourism compromises extensively environmental, economic, educational, and cultural concerns. Ecotourism can be defined as environment-based tourism that ensures sustainable growth and development through conservation of natural and human environment, promotion of regional economy, and provision of tourism service in natural environment areas. Ecotourism should consider two key challenges; an effective means that may protect local economy through tourist-based income and improvement of residential circumstances, and role as leisure space that can improve tourist's experiences. The purpose of this study was to summarize ecotourism concepts through literature search and develop an ecotourism planning framework for Korean rural communities. In addition, developed planning framework in this study was applied to Jeongdori area, Wandogun, Korea as a case study in order to analyze its feasibility. A trial application in Jeongdori area demonstrated a possibility that ecotourism planning framework can be successfully adopted to a wide range of Korean rural communities. To ensure objectivity of framework, systematic case studies must be done in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 1989

Use impacts to trail and campground deteriorations and their changes of natural environment were studied in Mt. Kaya National Park in 1989. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Deteriorations of trail which were surveyed at the total of 51 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The changes of soil and vegetation of trailsides were not found at a uniform tendency but could be more clearly grouped by the types of user's disturbance, and use impact on trailside had reached 15m inside of forest. Percentage of area for Class 5 in campsite was about 36% and about 69% of campsite area was more severe than Class 3. Recreational activities retarded the diameter growth of trees in campsite and accelerated the different composition of species. Soil and vegetative factors adapted to understand the difference of use amount and the realm of use impact could be sorted. The realm influenced by user's disturbance was about 50m from the core of campsite. Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Rhus trichocarpa, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Stephanandra incisa were considered as the tolerant species to user's impact.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.583-589
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• 2020

Recently, the utility of UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) for a smart farm using various sensors and ICT (Information & Communications Technology) is expected. In particular, it has proven its effectiveness as an outdoor crop monitoring method through various indices and is being studied in various fields. This study analyzes damage to crops caused by natural disasters and measures the damage area of rice plants. To this end, data is acquired using BG-NIR (Blue Green_Near Infrared Red) and RGB sensors, and image analysis and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) index performed to review crop damage caused by in the rainy season. Also, point cloud data based on image analysis is generated, and damage is measured by comparing data before and after the typhoon through an inspection map. As a result of the study, the growth and rainy season damage of rice was examined through NDWI index analysis, and the damage area caused by typhoon was measured by analysis of the inspection map.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.583-594
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• 2014

This study was performed to estimate biomass and provide management guidance through population ecological characteristics, including growth parameters, instantaneous coefficients of natural and fishing mortalities, and age at first capture of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus of Korea. For describing growth of this species, a von Bertalanffy growth model was adopted. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from a non-linear regression for starry flounder were $L_{{\infty}}=48.25cm$, K=0.16/yr, and $t_0=-1.48$, respectively and those for olive flounder were $L_{{\infty}}=86.46cm$, K=0.26/yr, and $t_0=-0.29$, respectively. Biomass of Platichthys stellatus was estimated by direct biomass estimation method was 2.6 M/T, that was estimated by indirect method was 13.4 M/Tt. Those of Paralichthys olivaceus were estimated as 10.1 M/T, 19.3 M/T, respectively. An yield per recruit analysis showed that the current yield per recruit on Platichthys stellatus was about 48.2 g with F=0.646/yr and the age at first capture ($t_c$) 1.35yr, that on Paralichthys olivaceus was about 167.6 g with F=1.121/yr and the age at first capture ($t_c$) 1yr.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.514-521
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of crude glycerin from waste vegetable oil (CGWVO) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods: Twenty-four crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) uncastrated male goats ($16.8{\pm}0.46kg$ body weight [BW]) were assigned to a completely randomized design and subjected to four experimental diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of CGWVO (63.42% of glycerol and 47.78% of crude fat) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were offered ad libitum as total mixed rations twice daily. The feed intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, carcass and meat traits, and muscle chemical composition were evaluated. Results: Based on this experiment, there were significant differences (p>0.05) among groups regarding DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits where goats receiving 6% of CGWVO had lower daily DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits than those fed on 0%, 2%, and 4% of CGWVO. There were no effects of CGWVO on carcass length, carcass width, Longissimus muscle (LM) area, Warner-Bratzler shear force, pH and color of LM at 45 min after slaughter, as well as on other carcass cut and muscle chemical composition. Conclusion: In conclusion, the addition of up to 4% of DM in the diets for crossbred finishing goats seems to be the most interesting strategy, since it promotes greatest animal performance. Moreover, this study was a suitable approach to exploit the use of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil for goat production.