• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.69-83
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• 1998

Sea transportation has long been a vital component of the transport systems of the world. The great majority of imports and exports to and enlarge their national merchant marines. This effort is meant partly to arrest earlier trends of having their trade carried by ships from outside the region and partly to promote regional integration and improve the national balance of payments. However, sea transportation has been exposed to various types of threats on the high seas, in coastal waters and in port areas. Piracy is any robbery or other violent action, for private ends and without authorization by public authority, committed on the seas. Because piracy has been regarded as an offense against the law of nations, the public vessels of any state have been permitted to seize a pirate ship, to bring it into port, to try the crew(regardless of their nationality or domicile), and, if found guilty, to punish them and to confiscate the ship. Piracy has occurred in all stages of maritime history. The increased size of merchant vessels, the improved naval patrolling of most ocean highways, the regular administration of most islands and land areas of the world, and the general recognition by governments of piracy as an international offense resulted in a great decline in piracy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Piracy has, however, occurred in the 20th century, and the practice of hijacking ships has developed into a new form of piracy. The number of incidents of sea piracy against ships reported was 229 in 1997. Since 1991, 1,051 such acts have been reported. The purpose of this research is to examine the origin and development of the piracy to understand the current situation of such violence on the seas. In addition, what should be done by international community will be presented to prevent the piracy in the future.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.1256-1262
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• 2016

캠핑 인구가 증가하면서 야영장과 오토캠핑장에서 이용자에게 다양한 전기 요금 정책으로 안전하게 전기를 공급할 수 있는 전기 설비가 필요하게 되었다. 본 논문은 Z-Wave 개인무선네트워크와 안드로이드 모바일 앱을 이용하여 캠핑장의 관리서버에서 옥외 콘센트 함을 제어할 수 있는 전기 자판기를 개발한다. 개발한 전기 자판기는 관리서버, 제어기, 옥외 콘센트 함, 모바일 앱으로 구성된다. 관리서버는 제어기를 통해 콘센트 함의 스위치를 제어하여 사용자에게 안전하게 전기를 공급한다. 제어기는 관리서버와 스위치 간 중계 장치로 Z-Wave 메쉬 네트워크를 기반으로 스위치들을 제어한다. 옥외 콘센트 함은 2개의 미터 스위치를 갖는다. 옥외 콘센트 함은 캠핑장에서 상용 전기 서비스를 제공하기 위해 관련 인증을 받았다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1509-1522
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 형태의 사용자 정보를 이용해 다양한 서비스에서 유연한 인증 기능을 사용할 수 있도록 지원하는 것이다. 모든 서비스에 동일한 수준의 인증을 요구하기 보다는, 사용자 인증 시점에 인증 수준을 파악하여, 동적으로 권한을 부여함으로써 편리성 및 효율성을 증가시키는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 로컬 인증정보를 바탕으로 인증 수준에 따라 서비스 접근을 제어할 수 있는 POSCAL (A Protocol of Service Access Control by Authentication Level) 프로토콜을 제안하고 이를 이용한 인증 프레임워크를 설계하였다. 인증 프레임워크의 기능 검증을 위해 POSCAL 인증 프레임워크 기반의 전자지갑 서비스를 개발하였고, 유즈케이스(Use Case) 시나리오를 바탕으로 구현 기능을 평가했다. 제안한 프로토콜은 사용자 및 메시지 인증, 인증정보의 기밀성, 인증 내역의 무결성, 인정 내역에 대한 부인방지, 보안 요구수준에 따른 서비스별 접근제어를 만족한다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.55-77
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• 2019

Textbooks play a very important role as a medium for implementing curriculum in the school. This study aims to analyze tasks for mathematical competencies in the high school 'mathematics' textbooks based on the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum emphasizing competencies. And our study is based on the following two research question. 1. What is the relationship between core competencies and mathematical competencies? 2. What is the distribution of competencies of tasks for mathematical competencies presented in the textbooks? 3. How does the tasks for mathematical competencies reflect the meaning of the mathematical competencies? For this study, the tasks, marked mathematical competencies, were analyzed by elements of each mathematical competencies based on those concept proposed by basic research for the development of the latest mathematics curriculum. The implications of the study are as follows. First, it is necessary to make efforts to strengthen the connection with core competencies while making the most of characteristics of subject(mathematics). Second, it needs to refine the textbook authorization standards, and it should be utilized as an opportunity to improve the textbook. Third, in order to realize competencies-centered education in the school, there should be development of teaching and learning materials that can be used directly.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2022

This study analyzed the smart construction safety cost included in safety management plans that are approved before construction. Specifically, it refers to the cost incurred in constructing and operating a safety management system using wireless communication and facilities. Based on the obtained statistical results, an activation policy for the inclusion of the smart construction safety cost in building safety management plans was proposed. The smart construction safety cost must be included in the safety management cost; notably, this is mandated by the Construction Technology Promotion Act. However, there are some problems with the inclusion of smart construction safety costs. To analyze the problems encountered when calculating the smart construction safety cost and including it in safety management plans, in this study, statistical analysis was performed using the data of 1,334 safety management plans received at the Construction Safety Management Integrated Information (CSI) from June to August 2021. The results show that only 50.7% of the safety management plans included the smart construction safety cost although the current law mandates 100% inclusion of these costs. Thus, it is apparent that the smart construction safety costs are only included in a low proportion of sites. In addition, the calculated smart construction safety costs were shown to have a small correlation with the construction cost; moreover, they appeared to be distributed at a constant cost level. In this context, it is believed that perfunctory cost calculations were performed at most sites since the effect of the construction cost on the smart construction safety cost was negligible. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the inclusion of smart construction safety costs by strengthening the authorization process of the approval institute of safety management plans. In addition, institutional support, such as guidelines that promote the calculation and inclusion of appropriate smart construction safety costs according to the characteristics of sites, are needed.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.138-175
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• 1994

The objectives of this study are (i) to review current situations and problems of the occupational health care system with emphasis on reforming the organizations and services, (ii) to find out a disirable occupational health system model based on integration of the occupational health system and the general health system, and finally, (iii) to suggest policy implications in occupational health services in the light of objectives of the newly emerging national health insurance reform in Korea. The major policy implications of this study are as follows: 1. In the long-run, within the occupational health system, preventive occupational health services such as employees' physical check-up, working environment examination, etc should financially be integrated with industrial accident compensation insurance. Currently separately paying expenses for each different category of services by the owner of an enterprise should be disbursed once through the payment of contributions of industrial accident compensation insurance. And then, it is necessary to strengthen and expand the role and function of industrial accident compensation insurance to cover preventive occupational health services. 2. The occupational health system should be integrated with general health system for its effective management. For the short-term policy, it is necessary to eliminate fiscal and access barrier between industrial accident compensation insurance and national health insurance by means of ex post facto settlement of accounts. The duplication of employees' physical check- ups between under the health insurance program and under the industrial health services must be coordinated in a manner either through mutual authorization by the two parties concerned or through merge into the health insurance. 3. The intent of current employees' physical check-up system focused on detection of occupational diseases, should be converted to an idea of medical surveillance system or biological moritoring system. The introduction of medical surveillance or biological monitoring system is a necessary condition to build a positive, effective and inexpensive occupational health care system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 2024

Background: There is growing international recognition of the need for improvements to national chemical management systems for hazardous chemicals. The European Union has recently introduced the concept of 'essential uses' as a new approach to the management hazardous chemicals by limiting their uses. Objectives: This paper examines the concept of essential uses in chemical management and how to apply it through a case study of essential use. This approach is distinct from the current chemical management system, but seeks to improve its potential benefits by effectively restricting or gradually decreasing the use of hazardous substances. Methods: The concept of essential uses was introduced by reviewing the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Cousins's three essentiality categories applied to PFAS, restriction options assessed in the PFAS restriction proposal under REACH, and the California Safer Consumer Products regulations prioritizing 6PPD in motor vehicle tires. Based on these essential uses concepts for PFAS and 6PPD, uses of benzene were classified in accordance with the essential uses approach for products using benzene in South Korea. Results: The essential use concept is able to manage the restriction and authorization of substances of concern through essential uses and non-essential uses and the feasible substitution of uses and substances. Conclusions: If the concept and methodology of essential uses are clearly established, they can be expected to shift the national chemical management paradigm from regulating substances to limiting uses under the existing substance management system.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 교과서 평가기준에 반영된 교과 관점의 중요성을 탐색하고, 현재 실과(기술 가정) 교육과정에 제시된 관점과 교과서 평가기준과의 관련성과 더불어 향후 교과서 평가기준을 방향을 설정하는 것이었다. 따라서 본 연구의 내용은 실과(기술 가정) 교과서 평가기준을 분석하고, 교과서 평가기준에서의 교과 관점의 의미를 탐색하며, 2007 개정 교육과정 및 2011 개정 교육과정에 지속적으로 제시된 교과 관점을 도출하고, 교육과정과 교과서 평가기준에서 강조하고 있는 관점의 관련성을 분석하며, 마지막으로 향후 교과서 평가기준 개발 방향을 제시하는 것을 포함하고 있다. 교과서 평가기준은 교과서 개발을 위한 교과관점을 제공하고, 교과의 주요 개념과 가치를 전달하며, 교사교육의 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 가진다. 본 연구에서 교육과정 분석을 통해 도출된 교과 관점들은 관리역량, 생활역량, 실천적 경험, 개인과 가족을 이해하기 위한 통합역량, 생활문제해결, 그리고 진로 및 생애설계이다. 향후 국가 수준의 교육과정에서 제시된 교과 관점들에 터하여 교과서 평가기준의 항목들을 개발할 필요가 있으며, 학습 자료 평가기준뿐만 아니라, 교수 학습 방법, 교사 활동 평가 등 다양한 평가 틀에 교과 관점들이 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2012

유전자변형 작물을 종자로 판매하거나 식품, 사료 혹은 가공용으로 이용하기 위해서는 반드시 관련 기관의 승인을 받아야 한다. 관련부처에서는 유전자변형 작물의 승인에 앞서 환경위해성 평가 자료가 과학적으로 타당한지 검토한다. 환경위해성 평가 중 유전자변형 작물이 토양 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향은 충분히 연구되지 못한 분야이다. 최근 토양 환경내 미생물 군집의 특성을 연구하기 위한 발전된 방법들이 개발되고 있다. 배양에 의존적인 또는 비의존적인 기술에 의한 토양 미생물의 군집 특성을 조사한 연구와 유전자변형 작물의 환경위해성 평가 적용 가능성을 고찰하였다. 유전자변형 작물의 토양미생물 영향 평가는 사안별 평가 원칙에 의해 이루어져야 한다. 신뢰할 수 있고 상세한 토양 미생물 평가가 이루어지기 위해서는 다양한 분석 방법의 조합이 필요하다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

Background: A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was adopted in the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH, EU) regulations as well as the Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (AREC, Republic of Korea). It has been previously used in the registration of chemicals. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the correlation between the predicted data provided by three prediction programs using a QSAR model and actual experimental results (acute fish, daphnia magna toxicity). Through this approach, we aimed to effectively conjecture on the performance and determine the most applicable programs when designating toxic substances through the AREC. Methods: Chemicals that had been registered and evaluated in the Toxic Chemicals Control Act (TCCA, Republic of Korea) were selected for this study. Two prediction programs developed and operated by the U.S. EPA - the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) models - were utilized along with the TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) commercial program. The applicability of these three programs was evaluated according to three parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: The prediction analysis on fish and daphnia magna in the three programs showed that the TOPKAT program had better sensitivity than the others. Conclusions: Although the predictive performance of the TOPKAT program when using a single predictive program was found to perform well in toxic substance designation, using a single program involves many restrictions. It is necessary to validate the reliability of predictions by utilizing multiple methods when applying the prediction program to the regulation of chemicals.