• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.919-923
• /
• 1999

꽁치의 가식부를 가정에서 쓰이고 있는 조리방법 (pan frying, deep fat frying, steaming, microwave cooking)으로 조리를 한 후에 지방산 조성의 변화를 알아보았다. 꽁치의 총지방질 함량은 $21.87%{\sim}30.63%$로 개체마다 차이가 있었지만, 지방산 조성 (평균값)은 $C_{22:1}\;(21.75%)>C_{20:1}\;(15.81%)>C_{16:0}\;(11.75%)>C_{22:6}\;(DHA,\;10.61%)>C_{14:0}\;(7.04%)>C_{20:5}\;(EPA,\;5.13%)$ 등의 순으로 주요 지방산을 구성하고 있었다. SFA에 대한 PUFA의 조성비는 1.07이었고, n-6 계열 PUFA에 대한 n-3 계열 PUFA의 조성비는 9.15로 꽁치는 n-3 계열 PUFA의 주요 공급원임을 보여 주었다. 조리를 한 후, 대표적인 n-3 계열 PUFA인 EPA와 DHA의 조성비 변화를 살펴보면 EPA는 pan frying한 후에는 6.98%, deep fat frying한 후에는 26.93%, steaming한 후에는 1.16%, microwave cooking한 후에는 15.12% 감소하였다. DHA역시 pan frying한 후에는 4.30%, deep fat frying한 후에는 15.99%, steaming한 후에는 3.26%, microwave cooking한 후에는 9.56% 감소하였다. 본 실험 결과 steaming 조리한 경우에서 EPA와 DHA 모두 가장 적은 감소율을 나타내었고, pan frying, microwave cooking, deep fat frying 순으로 감소율이 커졌다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare male and female geese of two contrasting genotypes in terms of fatty acid composition, indexes related to human health, lipid metabolism and oxidative stability of the meat. Methods: The experiment was carried out on total of 120 geese of two different genotypes; the native breed Czech goose (CG) and commercial hybrid Novohradska goose (NG). One-d-old goslings were divided into 4 groups according to genotype and sex, and 8 birds from each group were slaughtered at 8 weeks of age. Results: The effects of the interactions between genotype and sex were observed on growth performance and carcass traits. Final body weight (p<0.001), daily weight gain (p<0.001), daily feed intake (p<0.001), slaughter weight (p<0.001), and cold carcass weight (p<0.001) were highest in NG males and lowest in CG females. The meat fatty acid composition results showed effects of both genotype and sex on the total n-6 and the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, as well as the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio. Regarding genotype, the total n-6, the total PUFA content and the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio were higher in CG, and higher values were found in females. In terms of the lipid metabolism, ${\Delta}^5-{\Delta}^6$ desaturase (p = 0.006) was higher in males. The meat oxidative stability results revealed an interaction between genotype, sex and storage time (p<0.001). The highest (13.85 mg/kg) malondialdehyde content was measured in the meat of CG females after 5 days of storage and was presumably related to a higher PUFA content. Conclusion: NG had a relatively higher growth rate and meat oxidative stability, whereas the advantage of CG meat is its favourable fatty acid profile characterized by a higher PUFA content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.408-417
• /
• 1990

Sprague Dawley 종 수컷쥐(체중 약 450kg) 48마리를 3군으로 나누어 종류가 다른 불포화지방산으로 구성된 실험식이를 6주간 투여하였다. 이때 지방을 15%(W/W)로, 불포화지방산인 n6 linoleic acid의 급원으로는 옥수수기름, n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid의 급원으로는 들기름, n3 EPA와 DHA의 급원으로는 생선유를 투여하되, 포화지방산과 monoenoic acid의 총량을 거의 같게 공급하여 불포화지방산의 영향만을 관찰할 수 있도록 하였다. 어유를 투여한 군의 cholesterol과 HDL-chol양은 옥수수기름과 들기름을 투여한 군에 비해 유의성있게 낮았으며, 불포화지방산의 혈장 cholesterol을 저하시키는 능력은 n3 EPA+n3계 불포화지방산군인 어유와 들기름군이 n6계 불포화지방산군인 옥수수기름군에 비해 유의성있게 더 컸다. Lipoprotein의 상대적인 함량은 식이 불포화지방산의 종류에 의해 영향을 받지 않았으며, 혈장과 적혈구 및 간의 토로페롤 수준은 유사한 수준이었으며 과산화산물 활성은 지방산의 불포화도 정도에 비례하여 증가되었으며 SOD활성의 증가로 인해 간조직의 과산화물의 수준이 감소되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.543-551
• /
• 1993

n-3계 EPA와 DHA의 함유비율이 높은 정어리유와 n-6계 linoleic acid의 함유비율이 높은 홍화유의 혼합급여가 고지질 식이 흰쥐의 지단백 지질성분 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 Sprague Dawley계 숫 흰주에 버터 식이를 대조군으로 하고 정어리유 및 홍화유의 혼합비율을 달리한 유지를 급여하여 4주간 실험 사육한 후 혈청 지단백의 지질성분 및 지방산 조성을 분석 검토한 결과, 혈청 지단백 성분중 총콜레스테롤 농도는 LDL에서 가장 높았으며 VLDL, HDL, chylomicron 순이었다. 한편 중성 지질 농도는 chylomicron>VLDL>LDL>HDL 순이었으며, 인지질 농도는 HDL>LDL>VLDL>chylomicron 순이었다. 혈청 자단백 성분중 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질 및 인지질 농도는 대조군에 비해 전 실험군에서 대체로 낮았으며, 특히 n-3계 PUFA의 함유 비율이 높은 정어려유와 n-6계 PUFA 함유 비율이 높은 홍화유를 동량 혼합 급여한 5군에서 더욱 낮게 나타난 바, 혈청 지단백의 지질개선 효과가 가장 높은 것으로 사료되며, 이는 시험유지의 P/S비 0.85, n-6/n-3P 비가 2.85로서 적정한 혼합비용로 인한 것이라 추정된다. 혈청 지단백 성분중 chylomicron의 지방산 조성에서 EPA 함유 비율은 여타 지단백성분의 지방산 조성에 비해 높게 나타났으며, chylomicron, VLDL, LDL 및 HDL의 지방산 조성은 시험유지의 지방산 조성이 반영된 것로 나타났다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 1999

The effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), on brain phospholipid content and fatty acid composition were compared in rats fed with a diet containing constant ratios of saturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3/n-6. The dietary fat in each diet was added at the level of 10%. In each diet, n-3 PUFA comprised two-thirds of the PUFA and the remaining one-third was linoleic acid (18:2). Dietary fat containing linoleic acid as the sole source of PUFA was also given to the control group. The content of brain phospholipid in the three n-3 PUFA groups was significantly lower than that of the linoleic acid group. This reduction was greater in the EPA and DHA groups than in the ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid group. The decrease in phospholipid content in rats fed n-3 fatty acid-rich diets was largely due to the decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Each dietary n-3 PUFA was found to affect the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; the most pronounced alteration was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Furthermore, the proportion of DHA in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction tended to be higher in the DHA group than in other PUFA groups. In conclusion, dietary ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA can influence the phospholipid content, phospholipid subclass, and fatty acid composition in rat brain.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제43권6호
• /
• pp.589-597
• /
• 2010

Monthly changes in the proximate and fatty acid compositions of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) muscle during cultivation from October 2007 to September 2008 were investigated. The lipid content increased gradually from the first stage of cultivation until March 2008 and then dramatically until May, before decreasing. The highest lipid content during cultivation was 21.6% in May, just before the fish spawns. There was a negative correlation (y=-1.1585x+87.741, $R^2$=0.9495) between the lipid and moisture contents during cultivation of chub mackerel. By contrast, the protein ($18.6{\pm}1.05%$) and ash ($1.18{\pm}0.11%$) contents were essentially unchanged during cultivation. Prominent fatty acids in chub mackerel muscle were 16:0, 18:0, 14:0 saturates, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7 monoenes, and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), and 18:2n-6 polyenes. The percentages of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as DHA and EPA, were higher during three months in the early stage of cultivation than they were subsequently. However, the PUFA (DHA+EPA) content (in mg/100 g of muscle) was lower in the early stage (740-796 mg/100 g muscle) than in the other stages. The highest PUFA (DHA+EPA) content was from April to May (2,749-2751 mg/100 g muscle). The PUFA content was positively correlated with the total lipid content of chub mackerel muscle during cultivation. The results indicate that cultured chub mackerel is a very good source of n-3 PUFA, such as DHA and EPA.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제38권7호
• /
• pp.521-532
• /
• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to rise in industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle, including dietary habits, especially imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary fatty acids and the assess the blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters in AD patients. AD (n = 50) patients and gender ${\cdot}$ age matched healthy controls (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Current fatty acids intake status was determined by 3-day food record method. Blood sample were collected from 30 subjects in each group and blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters were analysed. AD patients consumed less PUFA and their n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was higher than that of HC. Both the ratios of PUFA and MUFA were positively correlated with SCORAD in AD patients (p < 0.05). In the AD patients, there were abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the RBC and WBC, SFA being significantly high and most n-3 PUFA being significantly low. Moreover, both the ratios of EPA and DHA in WBC were negatively correlated with dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in AD patients (p < 0.05). Serum total IgE and IL-4 levels of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.01). Ratios of monocyte and eosinophil in WBC of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC including total WBC count (p < 0.01), and ratios of Iymphocyte and basophil in WBC of AD patients decreased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the ratios of eosinophil in WBC were positively correlated with dietary P/M ratio (p < 0.05), and the ratios of monocyte in WBC were positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.05) in AD patients. This results indicated that AD patients had significantly high intake of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA compared with HC. Imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids affected fatty acid compositions in the RBC and WBC, and these lead to immune imbalance and grow worse of AD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.617-626
• /
• 1992

n-3계 EPA와 DHA의 함유 비율이 높은 정어리유와 n-6계 linoleic acid의 함유비율이 높은 홍화유의 혼합급여가 고지질 식이 흰쥐의 혈청 및 간장의 지방산 대사에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 Sprague Dawley계 숫 흰쥐에게 버터 식이를 대조군으로 하고 정어리유 및 홍화유의 혼합 비율을 달리한 유지를 급여하여 4주간 실험 사육한 후 혈청 및 간장의 지방산 조성을 분석 검토한 결과, 혈청 인지질, 중성지질 및 콜레스테롤 에스테르의 지방산 조성은 홍화유의 혼합 비율이 증가함에 따라 n-3계 지방산 및 EPA/AA 비율은 감소되는 반면, n-6계 지방산 및 AA/PUFA 비율은 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 간장 지질중 중성지질의 조성 지방산 중 DHA 함유 비율이 가장 높았고, 콜레스테롤 에스테르에서는 linoleic acid의 함유 비율이 높았다. 혈청 및 간장 지질의 지방산 조성은 시험유지의 지방산 조성에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.118-125
• /
• 2000

Lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of eight species of wild and cultured seawater fish in Korea were investigated. Total lipid (TL) contents of wild and cultured fish were $2.64\pm1.88\%$ and $5.42\pm1.76\%$, respectively, except for rockfish and striped beakperch. Non-polar lipids (NL) in all fish samples comprised approximately $84\%$ of the TL content. The proportion equation of NL content to TL content was y=0.9296x-0.4468 $(R^2=0.98l2, p<0.001)$. The most abundant NL class was triglyceride. The prominent fatty acids in all fish samples were 16: 0, 18: 1(n-9), 22 : 6(n-3) (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), 16: 1(n-7), 20 : 5 (n-3) (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), 18 : 0 and 18 : 1(n-7). The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) group was the richest among the total fatty acids (TFA). DHA and EPA were comprised of approximately $85\%$ of n-3 PUFA. There was a positive correlation between TFA content and n-3 PUFA content; y=0.292x-0.0055 $(R^2=0.9349, p<0.001)$. The n-3 PUFA content of the cultured fish was approximately twice as much as that of the wild fish. Therefore, cultured fish were proven to provide better sources of n-3 PUFA if compared to wild fish.