• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.61-72
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• 2013

Purpose - It is widely accepted that the process of developing marketing strategy is composed of three steps: market segmentation, target market selection and positioning. However, mass marketing strategy based on cost reduction through economies of scale and standardized products, can be also an effective strategic option. Many marketing scholars including Theodore Levitt emphasize the importance of applying the mass production concept to various industries including service industries. Especially, in times of economic downturn, the capability of providing consumers with low-priced, value products can be an important source of competitive advantage, as well as the ability of providing high-priced premium products. Marketers should decide whether they will implement mass marketing strategy or target marketing strategy. The present study theoretically shows that firms should understand the target customers' price elasticity as well as the firm's cost structure in order to make such a strategic decision. Research design, data, and methodology - Instead of implementing an empirical study, this study provides a theoretical(mathematical) investigation on the effect of consumers' price elasticity on a firm's optimal price level, profit, sales volume, revenue, and cost. The results are mostly deduced from derivative calculations and several graphs are utilized to represent the results on the relationships between the variables under study. Results - The analytical results suggest that it is more profitable for a firm to adopt the segment/target marketing strategy (more specifically the differentiation strategy) when the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is high and the proportion of the fixed cost in the total cost is low. On the other hand, if the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is low and the fixed cost is high, it is better to adopt the mass marketing strategy or the cost leadership strategy. The strategy of concentrating on a single target market will be effective when consumers' needs are highly heterogeneous but the fixed cost is high. Any of the three types of generic strategies proposed my Porter(1980, 1985) can be applied when both the consumers' heterogeneity and the fixed cost are low. This study also proposes the contribution-margin-based method for developing the optimal pricing strategy. Conclusions - One of the primary roles of marketers is to find a proper compromise between the two conflicting goals of maximizing customer satisfaction and minimizing cost. In order to do so, he or she should understand the characteristics of the target customers as well as the cost structure of the firm. In addition to the theoretical analyses, this study discusses several business cases and explains how superior companies find the optimal compromise position between these two goals and dominate the market. One of the radical changes recently taking place in business arena is the reduction of production and distribution costs of both physical goods and information due to the advancement and the wide diffusion of information technology. The cost reduction combined with lowered priced elasticity incurred by customized products and services, will enable many firms to adopt the mass customization strategy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.387-421
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• 2003

On the above, a comparison between preliminary draft conventions and comments by the Int'l Chamber of Commerce, contents of preliminary draft convention, problems and alternative are discussed. The conclusions are as follows thereof : The laws of MLEC and MLES made preparation for electronic era of CISG. But electronic circumstances are more changed than the time of regulation of them. Therefore the business world needs a stand-alone convention dealing broadly with the issues of contract formation in electronic commerce. At last, preliminary draft convention delivered a second round. But the base of the instrument was also MLEC and MLES. The revised preliminary draft convention is much amended beyond preliminary draft convention. At its forty-one sessions, the working group reviewed articles 1-11 of the revised preliminary draft convention presented by the secretariat. The remainder was pending until the time of its forty-two sessions. Therefore, on the base of deliberations and decisions of that sessions and them of thirty-six sessions of UNCITRAL, which will be held on comming november, the draft convention which will be prepared by the secretariate, be re-revised preliminary draft convention. According to review of working group on them, preliminary draft convention will officially be draft convention or revise by secretariate. Under these situations, my points of view on draft convention are as follows : As though e-UCP is used carring out side by side with UCP, after e-CISG making in order to adjust CISG to "on" transaction, it is very easy and prompt for business worked to use CISG with e-CISG. This will facilitate ratification of the CISG. For this case, I already presented contents of e-CISG. It is very important for the preliminary draft convention to deal specially with issues related to electronic contracting or to electronic transaction, because according to which way, its contents and scope of application will be different. But the revised draft convention is regretably compromising both them. Consequently, its contents are very confusing and we could not expect its success. If e-CISG will regulate, it is desirable that, if possible, working group has to make the general rule, and the making of useful, practical, affordable rule for electronic commerce, for example Uniform Customs and Practices for Electronic Commerce(e-UEC) in order to solve the specific practical problems, if any, which business currently faces regarding electronic contracting, has to entrust ICC. If working group want to make e-CISG, it is important not to hesitate and take a significant amount of time.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.603-618
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• 2019

This study aims to explore the meaning and nature of the nursing experience of visiting nurses of home-based long-term care service centers by using van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological approach. A total of 10 home-visiting nurses working in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do Province were recruited through purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling and participated in the study. Data were collected from January 7, 2017 to October 12, 2018 through in-depth individual interviews with the participants. The analysis resulted in 6 essential themes regarding the lived experience of visiting nurses: 'establising a good rapport with the patient and his or her family caregiver', 'building the foundation of visiting nursing by performing autonomously nursing procedures for the patient', 'facing the reality not to be able to work as much as I want due to the limitations of the support system in performing work as a visiting nurse', 'upset when sincerity could not be delivered', 'following the calling of medical personnel by taking responsibility for 'my patient', and 'pledging oneself to career-long work, feeling reward as a visiting nurse.' The findings of the study help understand the role and importance of visiting nurses and contribute to the preparation of practical measures to improve the quality of home-visiting nursing.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 1991

Optical laser discs are expected with it's roles as a new media to manage vast materials. Optical disc, optical videodisc, CD-ROM began to emerge from laboratories in the early seventies. By the passage of time, each of optical disc became to take particular significances to libraries. Also, each of optical discs were developed and disseminated with different objectives each other in information market. Recently, the storage capacity of CD-ROM disc began to lead to extensive consumer in on-line database market, and became an economic reality, because it's storage capacity is considerable over 600MB on a 12cm disc and it's system could be built in rather with cheap equipment. In my article, the optical disc retrieval system in libraries was investigated among various features in each kinds of libraries historically. And many efforts were attempted to present the possibilities which can apply on optical disc system. I relized that CD-ROM could be utilized at cataloging service and bibliographic database than other technical service. At the same time, I recognized that optical disc system could be used to retrieve all kinds of graphic information and digital data with retrieval system development. Therefore the tendancy of information management in future will be foreward to the way which apply optical discs on base of on-line and include all of graphic and digital database by using the developed retrieval software.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.622-635
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is first to examine the tendency in what kind of activities and difficulties are carried out as family rituals. Second, the study was to investigate the effects of family rituals on family strengths. To accomplish study purpose, 216 married women/men were asked to fill out the survey questionnaires. For analysis of data, SPSS Win program was used to perform Frequency Analysis, MANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis. (1)In the dinner rituals, it turned out that a main activity was 'serving homemade food' and a majority of subjects had a difficult time establishing a regular ritual due to 'their busy schedule at work'. In the weekend leisure rituals, a main activity was 'paying a visit to suburbs' and a main difficulty was 'lack of mutually available time for all family members'. In the birthday rituals, a main activity was 'preparing a birthday cake' and a main difficulty was 'because family members forget their birthday'. In the wedding anniversary rituals, women's main activity was 'eating out' and men's main activity was 'give a partner to a flower or gift', and a main difficulty was 'because family members forget their birthday' and 'because it was not a wanted celebration'. Finally, in the traditional rituals, women's main difficulty was 'partner doesn't understand my difficulties' and men's main difficulty was 'trouble human relationships with relatives'. (2)The family rituals were significantly different according to the age. (3)'Closeness of family members', 'task performance and problem solving skills' and 'sharing a value system of family members' were affected by the family rituals.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.125-139
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• 1996

The author obtained some useful information for the class III treatment from long term observation on the growing patients with class III malocclusion. 8 patients were selected for this study and presentation. From these observation so far my conclusions might be as follows: First in the early correction of the anterior crossbite, considerable forward growth changes were observed in the maxilla Second, as for the growth modification of jaws by orthopedic treatment only limited effects were recognized from the long-term observation Thrid, at early age of patients with anterior crossbite, any data couldn't make me predict the stability after treatment on the long-term basis. Fortunately, however, genial angle showed a marginal possibility of it prediction. Fourth, at an advanced age/ retraction orthopedic force on the mandible and the rapid change in the mandibular position may cause some trouble in the T.M.joint. Finally, the followings are recommendable. As for the anterior crossbite, correct it early as possible, and use orthopedic force under the age of ten. Do not enter the phase II treatment directly. Just wait and observe until the growth were almost completed, focusiong on some important factors such as airway problem, tongue position, and third molar development. Of course, these factors may have some effects on the mandibular growth. for the female, at the age of around 14 years old and the male, around 17 years old, make a final decision whether the patients will continue to be treated orthodontically or surgically Thereby, (I think) the relapse and retreatment problem after treatemnt we have observed so far might be minimized. Furthermore, the active treatment time may be also reduced.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.405-424
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of secondary science teachers' thoughts on 'good' science teaching and to find a concept that can represent the way the teachers think. Participants were twenty pre- and in-service teachers who were enrolled in a graduate course I taught at a university located in Seoul in the first semester, 2011. The participating teachers collected and analyzed a variety of data and created portfolios while they were trained, as part of the course, on qualitative research methods with the same research questions as those of this study. In the current study, the process in which the teachers and I found answers to the research questions was narratively reconstructed based on the teachers' portfolios and my field notes. It was revealed that science teaching was perceived as a task aiming at realizing some kind of values and that because the teachers pursued various values in the science classroom and there exist conflicting relationships among different values, it was hard to define 'good' science teaching. It was also discussed that science instruction was inherently accompanied with the ongoing process of selecting values as the relationships among the values were ever-changing within the contexts of the classroom. This multi-faceted and dynamic structure of the teachers' thoughts on 'good' science teaching was conceptualized analogically as 'Foucault's pendulum,' which has multiple planes of oscillation. Implications for science teacher education and science education research were suggested.

• Clean Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2007

An experimental study to investigate the condensing heat transfer characteristics of small diameter horizontal double pipe heat exchangers with R-22 and R-410A was performed. Experimental facility was constructed to calculate and observe HTC(heat transfer coefficients), flow patterns and pressure drop. The main components include a liquid pump, an evaporator, a condenser(test section), a sight-glass, pressure taps and measurement apparatus. Two pipes of different diameters are tested; One 5.35 mm ID 0.5 mm thick, the other 3.36 mm ID 0.7 mm thick. The mass flow rate ranged from 200 to $500\;ks/m^2{\cdot}s$ and heating capacity were form 1.0 to 2.4 kW. The flow patterns of R-22 and R-410A were observed with a high speed camera through the sight-glass. The tests revealed that HTC of R-410A was higher than that of R-22 by maximum 5%. Annular pattern was observed for the most cases but stratified flow was also detected when x<0.2. The pressure drop in 3.36 mm ID pipe was higher than that of 5.35 mm by $30{\sim}50%$. Comparing with previous correlations such as Shah, Fujii and Soliman's, Fujii' showed the best good agreement with my data with a maximum deviation of 40%.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.369-390
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• 2014

This study analyzed the educational contents related with child's human rights in a manual of the Nuri Curriculum for 5-year-olds based on the type and area of activity, 5 areas, and by life theme. The research results are as follows: First, the educational contents on child's human rights in activity type and area showed high frequency in the order of large and small group activity, child selected play activity, and outdoor activity, and among them, right to an education and right to play showed the highest frequency. Second, among the five categories, the area that conducts educational contents on child's human rights was the social relation category, and the area that showed the highest participation was the educational contents on human rights. On the other hand, the areas that were treated the least were physical activity and health. Third, the topic that treated the educational contents related with child's human rights was 'spring, summer, fall, winter,' and 'my family and I' treated educational contents on child's human rights in the lowest frequency. Also, whereas the right to education and right to play showed the highest frequency of educational contents on child's human rights among entire life themes, the educational contents on child's human rights of abuse and neglect(violence) were not treated at all in the entire life themes. Through the results of this study, it will be helpful in planning and deploying activities related with the child's human rights harmoniously, and intends to provide important basic data in organizing activities of human rights program linked with the elementary school. Furthermore, this study intended to provide basic information for developing a program of systematic child's human rights education for children in addition to the curriculum at a national level.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 2008

This study investigated the experience and practice of elementary school students on nutrition education. The data were collected from 217 male and female students attending 5-6th grade elementary schools in Seoul and Kyunggi-Do from March to June 2007, interviewing face to face by a nutrition teacher and 3 interns of a nutrition teacher. The results were as follows: 86.5% of the subjects learned about 'Table etiquette', 'Reasons for eating fruits and vegetables'(78.7%), 'Food waste and environment'(72.3%), 'Healthy snacks'(55.7%), 'Food sanitation'(52.3%), 'Food culture of foreign countries'(48.1%). Nutrition education experience was significantly different by gender. A total of 43.5% boys responded that they never learned about 'basic food preperation'(p<0.01). They had learned 'Nutrients for body' and 'Food waste and environment' in school, 'Healthy weight loss', 'Food culture of foreign countries', 'Food circulation' on television, Most content('Table etiquette', 'Simple cooking', 'Food sanitation', 'Eating behaviors for health', 'Reasons for eating fruits and vegetables', 'Healthy snacks') was learned from parents. The practice after nutrition education was higher in 'Table etiquette'(2.14), 'Eating fruits and vegetables'(2.07) than others compared with education experience. The most reason of non-practice on nutrition information was 'Troublesome'. In 'Nutrients for body', a boy answered 'Difficult for practice' 20.0%, a girl answered 'Difficult to understand' 32.6%, showing a significant difference between the gender groups(p<0.001). They remembered the 'Nutrients for body'(49.6%), 'Food sanitation'(44.5%) because of 'important content', 'Basic food preparation'(40.6%), 'Food culture of foreign countries'(36.3%) because of 'interesting content', 'Healthy weight loss'(52.0%), 'Eating behavior for health'(44.5%) and 'Healthy snacks'(33.7%) because of 'need for my health'.