• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of $\alpha$-amylase, added to artificial diet, on the larval growth and on the amount of blood sugar of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.. The artificial diet containing 20% mulberry leaf powder was fed on the 5th instar silkworm. The results obtained were summarized follows: 1. The digestibility in both sexes was increased by feeding artificial diet with $\alpha$-amylase and increase of the digestibility was greater in the female than in the male. 2. Larval body weight was increased in the female but was the male, compared with those in each sex of the control, respectively. 3. There was an increase of the single cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight, as compared with that of the control. 4. It was evident that the artificial diet containing $\alpha$-amylase was more effective than the control, and the effect of the diet was considerable higher in the female than in the male. 5. The amount of the blood sugar on the 7th day of 5th instar was decreased as compared with that of the control.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.154-165
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• 2022

Humans have been breeding the mulberry silkworm for the long period of time to obtain silk fabric and nutrient-rich pupae. Currently, silkworm larvae, pupae, and silk-Fibroin hydrolysates are registered as food raw materials, while silkworm feces and Bombyx batryticatus are registered as Korean traditional medicines. Among sericulture products, individually recognized health functional food ingredients include silk-protein acid-hydrolysates for immunity enhancement, Fibroin-hydrolysates for memory improvement, and freeze-dried 5^th instar and 3^rd-day-silkworm powder for lowering-blood sugar. Recently, HongJam produced by steaming and freeze-drying mature silkworms were reported to have various health-promoting effects such as preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, enhancing gastro-intestinal functions, improving skin-whitening and hair growth, and extending healthspan. By consuming silkworm products with various health-promoting effects, it is possible to increase the healthspan of human beings, thereby reducing personal and national medical expenses, resulting in increasing the individual's happiness.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2011

We evaluated the nutritional value of 70% ethanol extracts (EE) from fermented cudrania tricuspidata fruit (ECT: EE of C. tricuspidata, EFCT: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata, EFCTL: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata by B. licheniformis, EFCTS: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata by B. subtilis) by determined the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory actions on elastase and tyrosinase. The yields of freeze-dried powder of ECT, EFCT, EFCTL, and EFCTS were 54.22%, 54.43%, 57.51%, and 57.23% (each w/w), respectively. The color of $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$ values decreased of fermented cudrania tricuspidata. The fermented EFCTL and EFCTS had relatively higher contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid than those of other extracts. ABTS radical scavenging ability were 94.61%, 95.85%, 94.36%, and 96.69%, respectively. SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activities were in the order EFCT (32.60%) > EFCTS (27.10%) > EFCT (23.30%) > ECT (22.00%), and nitrite scavenging activity was in order of EFCTS (51.18%) > EFCTL (45.61%) > EFCT (41.93%) > ECT (27.76%), respectively. Ferrous ion chelating activity of EFCTL (67.34%) and EFCTS (60.36%) was significantly the highest, whereas ECT (52.34%) and EFCT (51.73%) had not different significantly. Xanthine oxidase, elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities at 0.5% (w/v) solutions of EFCTL and EFCTS were somewhat higher than those of non-fermented ECT. In conclusion, we provide experimental evidence that extracts of fermented cudrania tricuspidata of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis exhibited higher antioxidant activities and inhibitory actions on elastase and tyrosinase compared with non fermented cudrania tricuspidata.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 1983

These studies have been carried out to find better locations for sericultural service regardless of the international silk market fluctuation in Korea. In order to acieve the purpose, various investigations and analyses have been carried out for more than four hundred sericultural communities to find out the main factors which caused to decrease in cocoon production in spite of a gloomy past silk market. Now, we believe that we have set up some fundamental guide lines in developing sound serviceable sericultural communities in Korea in case the government accepts the written advices, and the results obtained are as follows: 1. The Korean sericulture has been very prosperous from the 60's to the 70's. In 1976 the cocoon production was at its peak, reaching 41,704M/T from which its decline took place with annual averages of 18.5% for total cocoon production and 16.4% for mulberry field. These figures represent a quantitative decrease to one-third of the total amount in 1976. Since then, the Korean sericulture had continuously suffered from a shortage of raw silk resulting in a slow development of sericulture. At present, a steady development through all possible measures is great importance. 2. The downfall of the korean sericulture resulted from two factors of such as the external, which led to the decline in the price of raw silk at the international market and restrain of import and, the internal, resulting in the little increase of cocoon price and a comparatively lower benefits from the sericulture than from other cash crops. 3. The already established sericultural zone collapsed and then reorganized with the outstanding regional specialization so the decline in total cocoon production in the country. Based on the agricultural regions, 1980 cocoon production was very stable in the mountaineaus area of the east-south which used with intercropping. In this area there was small decline of 33% compare with that of the 1979, and with 70% decline in the dry field farming area of Kangwon Do. In an administrative districtwise, six counties beginning with Sanchnung county of Kyungsang Nam Do, showed less than 20% decline of cocoon production, sixteen counties beginning with Samchuck county of Kangwon Do marked above 80% decrease of cocoon production. In the smaller unit area-wise, there was a big difference among them. twenty-five myons rather increased and a hundrd fourty-three myons decreased above 80% of it. 4. The cocoon production was positively correlated with the decreasing percentage of cocoon production per household. It was also affected by the ratio of the mulberry field area to the total cultivated area per household and cocoon productivity per 10a. 5. Four hundred sixty-four villages in the seventeen counties were surveyed on the basis of farm management and techniques concerned ('80/'79), and then the results were evaluated by using of computer. These results are summarized as foolows: (1) Cocoon production per household There was no difference among the agricultural regions in cocoon production. The cocoon production per household in the comparatively stable villages increased from 100.8kg in 1979 to 122kg in 1981. Cocoon yield in the stable villages decreased by 20% of '81/'79. The cocoon production per house hold in while that of the unstable villages decreased by more than 40% from 102.9kg in 1979 to 82kg in 1981. (2) Cocoon yield per 10a mulberry field The cocoon yield per 10a was higher in the plain area than in the mountaineous area. The stable villages had an average of 73.4kg cocoon yield/10a while the unstabe ones had only an average of 55kg. (3) Adoption the mulberry branch rearing method The branch rearing method was more popular in the plain area than in the mountainous area. In the stable vilages adopted 24.2% in spring and 16.7% in autumn of 1979. In 1981 it shwed increases of 34.3% and 10.1% in the two seasons respectivly. However, the unstable villages showed 13.3% and 126% in both seasons, respectively. (4) The patterns of the combined management system in the sericultural farming The popular management system in the sericultural from was combined with rice and other cash crops, showing 55% of the total households surveyed. Fourteen percent of the households combined the management system with rice and other cash crops and 14% of the households combined with rice only. The villages wich earned less than 20% of the total income from the sericulture reached 81% of the total houscholds indicating that they were still far beyond a complete combination system. (5) Damage by agricultural chemicals The damage caused by agricultural chemicals was mainly due to the protection of rice against insectpests and diseases in the plain areas and took place mostly in the autumn season. The chemicals applied was 65% of Iiquid and 35% of powder forms and 35% of damage was from granulat form of the chemicals. The use of the granular chemicals was low because of high cost.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.349-359
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• 1990

This study was carried out to understand and analyze the cooking and processing methods presented in CHE MIN YO SUL, Chinese books of husbandary was written in sixth century. This book was composed of two parts-part I is Agricultural production and part II is product-Utilization. Especially, wines and yeast(NU RUK) written in part II were studied at this study paper. Most of yeast was made of barley and wheat. These materials had been prepared as raw, steamed, and roasted state by proper ratio with kinds of yeast and then fermented as dough state. Occasionally, various kinds of soup made from cocklebur, leaves of mulberry tree, wormwood etc. put into yeast dough. Yeast doughs were shaped round and square with or without hole in the center, made in July of the lunar calendar and fermented for 3 or 4 weeks. There were 43 kinds of wines in this book. Most of them were made of all kinds of cereals grown at that time-rice, waxy rice, millet, waxy millet etc. These cereals had been steaming or cooking gruel with grain or powder state and then fermented with yeast. These wines were prepared by single or double brewing methods and the kinds of double brewing wines were more than single brewing wines by two times. There were none of wines made from fruit and distilled wines. Generally, single brewing wines were not made in Apr., Nov., Dec., of the lunar calendar and double brewing wines were not made in Aug., Oct., Nov., of the lunar calendar. And ripenning periods of wine brewing were various, from 1 day to 7 months for single brewing, from 2 days to 8 months for double brewing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1079-1084
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of green teas, fermented teas and other related common teas by examining radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2 diphenyl l-picryl hydrazyl). Scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$/) of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for 0.1 mM DPPH radical was 5.5 $\mu$M or 4.2 mg/L by weight, then catechin, 14 $\mu$M or 2.5 mg/L and vitamin C, 22 $\mu$M or 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Kyokuro tea (okro) powder of 24.2 mg/L or green tea powder of 25.2 mg/L was used to reach $SC_{50}$/ for 0.1 mM DPPH. One serving of 2 g green tea provides antioxidant activity equivalent to 109∼147 mg EGCG, 145∼185 mg catechin or 131∼168 mg vitamin C. Teas from the first harvest had the highest radical scavenging activity when compared with later harvest green teas grown in the same region, but there is virtually no difference by the harvest time. A Chinese green tea, Dragon well had the highest antioxidant activity among other green teas tested providing antioxidant capacity equivalent to 168 mg EGCG or 188 mg vitamin C per 2 g serving, but partially fermented Chinese teas had much lower antioxidant activity than any green tea tested. Black tea which is fully fermented showed as strong antioxidant activity as green teas (76.3 mg vs 86.7∼67.6 mg per tea bag). One tea bag of green teas from market provided antioxidant capacity equivalent to 52∼86 mg EGCG, 70∼105 mg catechin or 63-96 mg vitamin C. Teas made of persimmon leaf, pine needle, mulberry leaf had comparatively low anti-oxidant activity equivalent to 2.5∼4.8 mg EGCG or 15∼21 mg vitamin C per teabag. The third brewed green tea still had enough antioxidant activity, while tea from tea bag brewed for 3 min or 5 min did not have any difference in their antioxidant activity. More systemic studies are needed to clarify the relationship between tea catechins and antioxidant capacity focusing on how growing, harvest time, fermentation and other processes can influence on this.