• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the healing pattern of the mucous membrane after tooth extraction necessitated by periodontal disease in the maxillary sinus. Methods: One hundred and three patients with 119 maxillary sinuses were investigated. Before implant placement, cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scanning was performed. The causes of extraction, the time elapsed since extraction, smoking, periodontal disease in adjacent teeth, and gender were recorded. In addition, the thickness of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus and the height of residual alveolar bone at the extracted area were calculated from CT images. Results: The thickness of the mucous membrane in the periodontal disease group ($3.05{\pm}2.71\;mm$) was greater than that of the pulp disease group ($1.92{\pm}1.78\;mm$) and the tooth fracture group ($1.35{\pm}0.55\;mm$; P<0.05). The causes of extraction, the time elapsed since extraction, and gender had relationships with a thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus (P<0.05). In contrast, the height of the residual alveolar bone at the extracted area, periodontal disease in adjacent teeth, and smoking did not show any relation to the thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. Conclusions: The present study revealed distinct differences in healing patterns according to the causes of extraction in the maxillary sinus, especially periodontal disease, which resulted in more severe thickening of the mucous membrane.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.605-609
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• 2000

In order to evaluate the safety of hydroxyapatite sinter produced from tuna bone in Syrian hamsters, oral mucous membrane irritation test was carried out. Oral mucous membrane irritation test was infected in Syrian hamsters as dose of 5 g/kg BW with hydroxyapatite sinder under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. Each animal`s left cheek pouch was everted, and the samples were loosely placed at the bottom of the pouch with a double-suture technique for 14 days. Hamsters of control group were treated without inserting the hydroxylapatite sinter. Any abnormal clinical signs in both cheek pouches of control and treatment group were not observed for 14 days. There were no significant differences in body weight changes between hamsters of control and treatment group. Therefore, it suggest that hydroxyapatite sinter produced from tuna bone has no particular changes of oral mucous membrane irritation in Syrian hamsters.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2001

Mucous membrane pemphigoid is uncommom disease in oral cavity and synonymous with cicatricial pemphigoid. This disease is caused by autoimmune reaction that autoantibody reacts antigen located in basement membrane and epithelium is separated from underlying connective tissue. It affects female over sixth decade, commonly. Oral mucosa, especially gingiva is common site but conjunctival, nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, varginal mucosa and skin are involved. Intraoral findings show Nikolsky sign, irregular erythema, erosion, vesicle, and ulceration at mucous membrane. To differentiate from diseases of positive Nikolsky sign, should perform histologic, immunologic test. Histologic features show subbasilar cleft and direct immunologic features show IgG, C3 deposits at basement membrane in linear pattern. Mucous membrane pemphigoid is incurable disease because symptoms are repetitively improved or worsed for several years. Patiens are commonly managed with topical and systemic steroid. To avoid side effects of prolonged steroid therapy and to maintain immunosupressive effects, combination therapy of azathioprine with steroid is effective. This case reports that mucous membrane pemphigoid is diagnosed based on clinical and histologic features, is treated with topical, systemic steroid and azathioprine therapy.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2000

Carthami tinctorii Fructus is known for its good effect on diseases such as fracture, menorrhalgia, menoschesis, puerperium aneilema and so on. The study of irritation and toxicity of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution applied topically to the skin and the eye mucous membrane were carried out to prove the safety of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution in clinical use. Animal for the research was the rabbit and the solution for the test was made from Carthami semen. 6 animals were used for the skin test and 9 animals were used for the eye mucous membrane test. In results, both tests proved that Carthami oil aquapuncture solution makes no irritable reaction on skin and eye mucous membrane of rabbit. We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of Carthami oil aquapuncture solution in clinical use.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2000

The structure of skin was studied in Iksookimia longicorpus based on the micro-anatomical investigation of skin fragments taken from four regions. The epidermis was distinguished by two types of skin glands, a small mucous cell and a large club cell. The mucous cell was acid sulfomucins (some sialomueins) but the club cell did not give any histochemical tests for mucosubstances. The presence of a well defined lymphatic system with small lymphocytes was established in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis. A large number of blood capillaries run very close to each other just below the basement membrane, and a definite area giving AB and PAS positive was present between the basement membrane and scale.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-171
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• 2001

Oral mucous membrane test using Syrian hamsters was performed to evaluate the reliability as a model system for the assessment of the potentially irritating substances intended for the mucous membranes, and to determine the irritating potential of a new emulsion-type formulated toothpaste. After test substances were implanted into the cheek pouches of hamsters with diluents (20 mg/kg) under pento-barbital sodium anesthesia, we made the comparison in irritation between emulsion-type and dispersion-type of triclosan (TCS) formulations in the range of 0.2% to 0.3%. The emulsion-type formulations using non-ionic surfactant showed less mucosal lesion than other commercial toothpastes with 0.3% TCS, or dispersion-type ones. However, no significant difference in irritation was detected between 0.2% and 0.3% TCS. We report that this hamster cheek pouch method could be a reliable approach for the evaluation slight difference in the irritating potentials of cosmetics and hygiene products intended for the lips or other mucous membranes, and this method showed that the new emulsion-type formulation significantly lowered the TCS-induced toxicity, compared with other commercial toothpastes.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2021

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a heterogeneous group of chronic, autoimmune subepithelial blistering diseases, predominantly involving oral mucosal membrane. Because of its pathophysiology of autoimmune reaction, MMP-related gingivitis would not respond to conventional periodontal treatments. We present a case of a 65-year-old female with a chief complaint of chronic generalized buccal gingivitis, unimproved after periodontal treatment for four months. Based on the clinical findings, histological examination, and direct immunofluorescence microscopy, it was diagnosed as MMP. The symptoms were relieved with immunomodulatory therapy using corticosteroids and the supportive management of professional plaque control. MMP can cause pathological involvement throughout the oral and other mucosae of the body, thus leading to functional impairment through repeated inflammatory cascades. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is essential to properly manage local and possible systemic complications of MMP.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1994

The integumental secretory structure is exocrine unicellular gland located in the epidermis of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and divided into two groups, mucous and granular cells. By the histochemical studies of integumental secretions the mucos cells reacted for acidic polysaccharides, and the granular cells for neutral glycoprotein. According to concentration of the secretion the integumental mucous are gradually sulphated. The mucous cells are typical form of goblet cell located in the upper region of the epidermis, and membrane bounded vesicles of the mucous are observed several size and electron densities by the cellular differentiation. The granular cells in middle and lower epidermis are present syncitial forms occasionally, and contain electron dense granules sized $1.0{\mu}m$ which are accumulated in cytoplasmic process held the cells to the basal lamina. The precursors of the integumental secretory materials are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and next transported through the Golgi apparatus as a form of membrane bounded vesicles. After accomplish this process mature secretions are extruded to integumental surface by the mechanism of merocrine secretion in response to nerve stimulations respectively.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 1986

Whereas there has been developed relatively definitive treatment for the oral mucous membrane diseases with well known etiology, but not developed definitive treatment for those with unknown etiology. And we have thought it should be recommended to further investigate etiology of oral mucous membrane diseases for development of more definitive pharmacologic treatment.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2011

The study of irritation and toxicity of honeybee(Apis mellifera. L) venom collected by a bee venom collector applied topically to the skin and mucous membrane were carried out to prove the safety of honeybee venom in clinical use. Animal for the research was the rabbit and the solution for the test was made from honeybee venom. Six animals were used for the skin test and nine animals were used for the eye mucous membrane test. In results, both tests proved that honeybee venom makes no irritable reaction on skin and eye mucous membrane of rabbit. We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of honeybee venom in clinical use.