• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aquatic exercise on body composition, fitness and pulmonary function. Subjects were seven spasticity cerebral palsy(18-20years). The aquatic exercise program consisted of 11 items, and performed for 30-40mins in a bout, 4 times a week at the intensity of HRmax($40-65\%$) for 12 weeks. And the change of body weight, %fat, fat mass, hand grip, sit up, sit and reach, close eyes foot balance and side step have been measured before and post exercise 12 weeks. Paired t-test was performed for data analysis at the 0.051eve1 of significance. The following results as; First, body compositions(body weight, $\%$fat and fat mass) were decreased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05). Second, muscle endurance, balance and flexibility were increased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05, p< .01), respectively. Third, vital capacity was increased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05). These results suggest that the aquatic exercise programs are applicable to the spasticity cerebral palsy with abnormal movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.481-486
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effect of calf muscle fatigue on postural sway according to foot posture (a pes cavus, a normal foot, and a pes planus). Methods: The subjects of this study were 12, 11, and 9 students of U University with a pes cavus, a normal foot, and a pes planus, respectively, according to a Navicular Drop Test. Postural sway was measured with a balance instrument (BioRescue, RM Ingenierie, France) while the subjects stood static on two legs as well as during one-leg standing using the dominant leg in two conditions (with the eyes open and with the eyes closed for 30 seconds). Muscle fatigue was then induced in the calf muscle of the dominant leg, and both muscle fatigue and postural sway were measured using an EMG. To compare the degree of postural sway between the three groups after muscle fatigue was induced, the change values were calculated. The results were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, and a post-hoc test was conducted using the Bonferroni correction. Results: Significant inter-group differences were detected for postural sway during two-leg standing with the eyes closed and during one-leg standing with the eyes open and with the eyes closed (p<0.05). The post-hoc test showed significant differences between the pes cavus and normal foot groups and between the pes planus and normal foot groups for all three variables (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between the pes cavus and pes planus groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the pes cavus and pes planus cause more fatigue and postural sway than a normal foot. Therefore, attention should be paid to changes in balance caused by muscle fatigue.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2019

Purpose: Cognitive function is a main concern for rehabilitation progression in individuals who have sustained brain damage, even among those whose motor function has returned after brain damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate how cognitive impairment relates to functional independence in postural stability and gait performance in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Methods: This was an observational design in an outpatient rehabilitation hospital. Twenty-eight adults with chronic hemiparetic stroke, receiving a course in an outpatient rehabilitation program, participated in this study. They were divided into two groups (i.e., non-cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment groups) via a cut-off score of 23 or less on a mini-mental state examination. Functional independence was assessed with the timed up-and-go test (TUG), 10-meter walk test (10mWT), five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), Berg balance scale (BBS), and modified Barthel index (MBI). The independent t-test was used for statistical analysis when comparing the two groups. Results: The cognitive impairment group had less functional independence, balance, and gait performance than those of the non-cognitive impairment group had. The former also showed a statistically significant decrease in their TUG score, FTSST score, BBS score, and MBI score compared to the latter, but not in their 10mWT score (p<0.05). Although the non-cognitive impairment group walked faster than the cognitive impairment group did, that difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that cognitive impairment relates to functional independence in postural stability and the activities of daily living. In rehabilitation settings, cognitive impairment would be considered a major component in therapeutic rehabilitation to overcome the patients difficult physical problems and to treat for improving functional independence more after stroke.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.51-60
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• 2019

Objectives Osteoarthritis is hard to manage with both conventional and Korean medicine treatment. The core outcome set (COS) to demonstrate the effectiveness of Korean medicine treatment has not been established yet. We aimed to present preliminary data of COS by performing a literature review on the evaluation indices used in existing clinical research. Methods We examined the literature from 2000 to 2017 in two Korean electronic databases (Korea citation index and oriental medicine advanced searching integrated system) by searching for the following 3 terms 'total knee replacement (Korean)', 'total knee replacement,' and 'knee surgery.' We found 333 articles; among them, 50 duplicates were removed. Finally, we selected 160 articles after complete screening. We then extracted measured indices and clinical outcomes from the selected articles and categorized the relevant criteria. Results According to this study, the hospital for special surgery and knee society, range of movement angle, cross leg, Berg balance scale and balance ability, muscle strength, 6 minutes walking test, visual analogue scale, self-efficacy, the 12-item and 36-item short form survey and self-rated health status are the most commonly used outcomes of knee. Conclusions This study found that the several categories after total knee replacement (TKR) are being evaluated in the literature, and we were able to verify the most frequently used evaluation indices in these categories. The results of this study will be used to establish evaluation indices for the treatment of TKR in the future using Korean medicine.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.285-301
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• 2023

The growing impact of cross-border movement of information is increasing interest in information policy through digital trade agreements in major trading countries. Major trading partners are calling for the inclusion of their digital policies in trade agreements to strengthen market dominance and protect personal information. This study analyzes the meaning and disputed settlement cases of the WTO's public policy objectives and examines the tendency of stakeholders to standardize legitimate exceptions to public policy objectives in digital trade. The study also examines the desirable direction of digital trade standardization suitable for the changing international trade environment. There is still debate about the specific objectives that should be included and the extent to which they should be allowed to restrict trade, however this study finds that there is a growing consensus on the need for legitimate public policy objectives to be included in digital trade agreements. The study concludes that the desirable direction of digital trade standardization is to strike a balance between the need to protect legitimate public policy objectives and the need to liberalize digital trade. This balance will need to be adjusted as the international trade environment continues to change.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.319-334
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• 2024

The current theories on the interaction between surrounding rock and support in deep-buried tunnels do not consider the form of pre-reinforcement support or the flexibility of primary support, leading to a discrepancy between theoretical solutions and practical applications. To address this gap, a comprehensive mechanical model of the tunnel with pre-reinforced rock was established in this study. The equations for internal stress, displacement, and the radius of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock were derived. By understanding the interaction mechanism between flexible support and surrounding rock, the three-dimensional construction analysis solution of the tunnel could be corrected. The validity of the proposed model was verified through numerical simulations. The results indicate that the reduction of pre-deformation significantly influences the final support pressure. The pre-reinforcement support zone primarily inhibits pre-deformation, thereby reducing the support pressure. The support pressure mainly affects the accelerated and uniform movement stage of the surrounding rock. The generation of support pressure is linked to the deformation of the surrounding rock during the accelerated movement stage. Furthermore, the strength of the pre-reinforcement zone of the surrounding rock and the strength of the shotcrete have opposite effects on the support pressure. The parameters of the pre-reinforcement zones and support materials can be optimized to achieve a balance between surrounding rock deformation, support pressure, cost, and safety. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for predicting the deformation of surrounding rock and support pressure during the dynamic construction of deep-buried weak rock tunnels. These findings can guide engineers in improving the construction process, ensuring better safety and cost-effectiveness.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of variations in arm swing during gait on movement of the trunk and pelvis. During the gait task, the angle of the trunk and pelvic rotation were analyzed according to arm swing conditions. Methods: Seventeen healthy males participated in this study. All subjects were analyzed for gait on a treadmill three times each under three different types of arm swing conditions - natural arm swing, restricted arm swing using a phone, restricted swing in both arms. 3-D motion analysis systems were used to collect and analyze the kinematic data of trunk and pelvic movements, and repeated one-way ANOVA was used to compare the trunk and pelvic kinematic data and symmetry index. The level of significance was ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: The results showed kinematic differences in trunk and pelvic during gait based on the arm swing conditions. Specifically, there were significant differences in trunk rotation, left and right trunk rotation and symmetry index of trunk rotation during gait among the three arm swing conditions. ROM was used to calculate a symmetry index (SI) based on the average left and right trunk rotation in which a value closer to zero indicated better balance. The SI obtained for arm swing restricted with the phone was closer to -1 than the other conditions. Conclusion: Restricted arm swing due to use of a phone had the possibility to induce instability of postural control while walking, which could be seen to suggest a risk of falling during gait.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.1643-1646
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• 2003

Drawing is a mechanical operation that attenuates thick material to an appropriate thickness for the next processing or end usage. When the input material has the form of a bundle or bundles made of very thin and long shaped wire or fibers, this attenuation operation is called "bundle drawing" or "drafting" Drafting is being used widely in manufacturing staple yarns. which is indispensable for the textile industry. However, the bundle processed by this operation undertake more or less defects in the evenness of linear density. Such irregularities cause many problems not only for the product quality but also for the efficiency of the next successive processes. Since long there have been many researches tying to find out factors affecting the irregularity of linear desity, to obtain optimal drafting conditions, to develop efficient measuring and analysis methods of linear density of bundle, etc., but there exists yet no fundamental equation describing the dynamic behavior of the flowing bundle during processing. In this research a mathematical model for the dynamic behavior of the bundle fluid is to be set up on the basis of general physical lows representing physical variables, i.e. linear density and velocity as the dynamic state of bundle. The conservation of mass and momentum balance was applied to the fluid field of bundle. while the movement of′ individual material was taken into account. The constitutive model relating the surface force and the deformation of bundle was introduced by considering a representative prodedure that stands for the bundle movement. Then a fundamental equations system could be simplified considering a steady state of the process. On the basis of the simplified model, the simulation was performed and the results could be confirmed by the experiments under various conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the changes in muscle strength and walking ability in patients who complained of knee instability due to excessive pronation of the foot. METHODS: Twenty patients (ten men and ten women) who complained of instability of the knee joint due to excessive pronation of the foot participated in the experiment. In the experimental group, the internal rotation of the tibia caused by excessive adduction of the foot was maintained as external rotation, and the joint state was to recognize the movement of the joint position changed through maintenance of the muscle. This exercise was performed five times for each patient, and the muscle strength maintenance was performed for 20 seconds. In the control group, stretching and range of motion (ROM) exercises were performed. For the stretching exercise, one specific motion was performed for 20 second, and the ROM exercise was performed to confirm the change in muscle strength in the knee joint area and walking ability. RESULTS: The knee flexion and extension strength in the patients with excessive pronation of the foot differed significantly from those in the subjects from the control group (p<.05). Further, the before-after comparison of the step time and length in the evaluation of walking ability, which affects overall postural movement due to knee joint instability, revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The patients that were subjected to manual therapy and ROM exercise for the knee joint showed improved knee joint muscle strength and walking ability compared to the subjects from the control group.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1104-1111
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• 2017

In this study, the authors aimed to give careful consideration to the circulation of bioenergy (Qi) by using cardiorespiratory massage technique. Finding enlightenment in harmony with nature thousands of years ago, our ancestors created Qi using natural breathing and tried to achieve good health and long life by controling the up and down movement. Experiencing the importance of the abdomen during the hungry times, also, grandmothers cured diseases by rubbing the abdomen, which is the ocean of life with their soft, soothing touch of hand. Naval breathing therapy was formed, based on natural breathing, emotional recognition of grandmothers' soft, soothing touch, and the Theory of Unified Reason and Energy that is the key of Oriental medicine. Natural breathing and Yakson massage are kinds of naturopathy to change body and mind, cure diseases naturally, and maintain the improvement in physical functions by taking care of the abdomen through the creation of Qi and the up and down movement and keeping dynamic balance between the natural world and the inside and outside of human body. It is anticipated that this study could contribute to the practical spread for an active application of naval breathing therapy and be broadly used in scientific clinical researches.