• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제3권
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• pp.163-169
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• 1994

Alcohol is a major risk factor for several diseases and excessive, long-term alcohol consumption are caues physical alteration-fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, breaking down, Wernicke-karsakoff's syndrome, weight loss, and poor immunity-in virtually all organ and tissue. This study was observed that liver, kidney, and stomach were altered in mouse by the effect of chronic alcohol administration. The mouse were sacrificed to obtain the tissue after mouse were orally injected with 25 % ethanol $18m{\ell}/kg/day$ for 120days. The tissue were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and then observed by light microscope. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The congestion was appeared in liver after 120days alcohol admistration. 2. The destruction of glomerulus were increased and the parietal cell of Bowman's capsule were swelled such as cuboidal cell after 120days alcohol administration. The congestion was appeared in alcohol administrated group. 3. The mucosa and gastric pit were destructed and the ulceration was appeared in stomach after 120days administration. The parietal cells and chief cells were damaged. Above results were shown that the tissue were damaged by chronic alcohol administration.

• 셀메드
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.23.1-23.3
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• 2013

According to the traditional Korean medicine (TKM), kidney has been recognized as the roof of innate endowment because it plays an important role in the birth, growth, sexual reproduction, and aging. Kidney essence insufficiency syndrome (KEIS) is caused when kidney is impaired. KEIS is characterized by retarded development, decreased reproduction, tinnitus, loosening of teeth, and loss of hair and forgetfulness. In traditional Chinese medicine, KEIS mouse model was established by use of threatinjuring the kidney combined with over-fatigue. However, the TKM theory-based KEIS experiment model has not been described correctly. In the present study, we suggest a new KEIS experiment model including following cases; 1) weakness of father essence and mother blood, 2) life nurturing during pregnancy, 3) full-term gestation period.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2015

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged as one of the most promising biomarkers of renal epithelial injury. Numerous studies have presented the diagnostic and prognostic utility of urinary and plasma NGAL in patients with acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, renal injury after kidney transplantation, and other renal diseases. NGAL is a member of the lipocalin family that is abundantly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages and is a mediator of the innate immune response. The biological significance of NGAL to hamper bacterial growth by sequestering iron-binding siderophores has been studied in a knock-out mouse model. Besides neutrophils, NGAL is detectable in most tissues normally encountered by microorganisms, and its expression is upregulated in epithelial cells during inflammation. A growing number of studies have supported the clinical utility of NAGL for detecting invasive bacterial infections. Several investigators including our group have reported that measuring NGAL can be used to help predict and manage urinary tract infections and acute pyelonephritis. This article summarizes the biology and pathophysiology of NGAL and reviews studies on the implications of NGAL in various renal diseases from acute kidney injury to acute pyelonephritis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2008

Objective : The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jasinwhalhyul-tang (Zishenhuoxue-tang, JWT) on MRL/MpJ-Ipr/Ipr mouse model with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: The effect of JWT on MRL/MpJ-Ipr/Ipr mice that have autoimmune disease similar to SLE in humans was evaluated after JWT per oral in the present study. Mice were administered with Jasinwhalhyul-tang (Zishenhuoxue-tang, JWT) (80 or 400mg/kg) or distilled water for control group from experimental week 10 for 22 weeks. Results : The amount of erythematosus skin lesion and proteinuria were significantly decreased. The size and weight of cervical lymph nodes and spleen were significantly reduced. The ratio between activated $CD3^+CD69^+$ T-cells and undifferentiated $CD3^+CD4^-CD8^-$ T-cells in lymph nodes, spleen and kidney was effectively reduced. The gene expression of TGF-$\beta$ in spleen and kidney was increased. The amount of anti-dsDNA IgG in blood was decreased. The gene expression of TGF-$\beta$ in normal mouse spleen cells was increased depending on concentration by treatment of with T cell stimulating agent. In the histological examination of skin and kidney, the amount of infiltration of immune cells involved in the inflammatory response was decreased. Conclusions : According to the above results, JWT should be considered as an applicable therapeutic agent to SLE in clinical practice. Further research is required to investigate other efficacies of JWT on SLE.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

Background: We conducted this experimental study to examine whether human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are effective in achieving a recovery of damaged renal tubular epithelial cells in an animal model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury using rats. Methods: To examine the in vitro effects of ADSCs in improving nephrotoxicity, we treated mouse renal tubular epithelial cells with both ADSCs and cisplatin mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. And we equally divided 30 male white Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats into the three groups: the control group (intraperitoneal injection of a sterile saline), the cisplatin group (intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin) and the ADSC group (intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin and the hADSC via the caudal vein). At five days after the treatment with cisplatin, serum levels of blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured from each SD rat. We performed histopathologic examinations of tissue samples obtained from the kidney. Results: The degree of the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and that of Bcl-2 were significantly higher and lower respectively, in cisplatin group (P<0.05). Serum levels of BUN (P=0.027) and creatinine (P=0.02) were significantly higher in cisplatin group. On histopathologic examinations, there was a significant difference in the ratio of the renal injury between cisplatin group and ADSC group (P=0.002). Conclusion: The ADSCs might have a beneficial effect in regenerating the damaged renal tubular epithelial cells.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.68-82
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of our study was to show the effects of Hwalhyulmaksung-bang (Huoxiemoxing-fang, HHMSB) treatment on cBSA-induced in MN Mouse Model. Methods: We divided the 20 mice into 4 groups. One group, named NR, was not treated. The second group, named CT, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) only. The third group, named HH-250, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) and HHMSB extract (250mg/kg, p.o). The fourth group, named HH-500, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) and HHMSB extract (500mg/kg, p.o). 4 weeks after cBSA, proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, serum creatinine, BUN, total cell number of spleen and kidney of all groups were measured. CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8 cells ratio of peripheral blood, kidney and spleen of all groups were analyzed. $IL-1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IgG, IgM, and IFN-$\gamma$ levels of all groups were gauged. Histological analysis of kidney tissue and immunohistochemical staining (CD4, CD8) of kidney were observed. Results: The level of proteinuria significantly decreased and serum albumin increased in the group treated with cBSA and HHMSB extract compared with the control. Total cholesterol decreased but not significantly. CD3e+/CD19cells ratio of peripheral blood is decreased, but CD4+/CD8cells ratio has no significancy. CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8 cells percentage of kidney and spleen has no significancy. Level of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 is significantly decreased, and IFN-$\gamma$ is significantly increased on HHMSB compared with control. Total IgG level significantly decreased on HHMSB compared with the control. Thickness of GBM decreased on histological analysis of kidney. Deposition of CD4 and CD8 decreased on immunohistochemical staining of kidney. Conclusions: We conclude that Hwalhyulmaksung-bang treatment may could be a useful remedy agents for treating Membranous Neuropathy(MN) induced by cationized bovine serum albumin.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1995

To study the immunotoxicity of mouse injected with fungal mycotoxin, T-2 toxin (Fusarium mycotoxin) was treated to 6 week-old female C3H/He mouse and the body, organ weight and morphological change were investigated. The weights of body, liver and kidney of mouse injected the 2 mg/kg of toxin was decreased to 17, 20 and 3%, respectively, compared to control animal and the comsumption of feed was also decreased with lapsing the time. The fat dropleting phenomenon and destruction of Golgi apparatus in liver and histopathological changes of tissue and mitochondria in small intestine were found by scanning electron microscopic observation.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2004

Metallothionein (MT), a small protein molecule which can bind or release metal ions, is involved in the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis. This study was investigated the accumulation of cadmium in blood, tissue (liver, kidney and brain), and the effect of cadmium on several key genes (MT-I, MT-II, ZnT-1) in zinc metabolism in the mouse. Mouses weighing 20∼25 g were randomly assigned to control and cadmium treated group (Cd group). Cd group was intraperitoneally injected with cadmium 2, 4, 8 mg/kg and control group was administerd with saline. Mouses of each group were sacrificed by decapitation 4 hours after the administration of cadmium. Cadmium contents in blood, liver, kidney and brain were increased by a dose-dependent manner. Accumulation of cadmium was mainly occurred in liver and kidney. Induction of MT-I and MT-II protein was increased, but ZnT-1 expression was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by the treatment of 2∼8 mg/kg cadmium. These results suggested that cadmium can be transported to brain and alter the expression of several key genes in zinc homeostasis.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2004

The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and corresponding signal transduction in mouse kidney. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercury in drink-ing water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment period, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to euthanasia. The doses of mercury and LPS did not cause hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity as indicated by unaltered plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and terminal UTP nucleotide end-labeling assay from kidney, respectively. Mercury decreased kidney glutathione (GSH) and with LPS, it additively decreased GSH. Mercury activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and additively increased LPS-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, mercury inhibited LPS-induced activation of extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but had no effect alone. Mercury increased the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TN F$\alpha$) and potentiated LPS-induced TNF$\alpha$ expression. Mercury did not affect LPS-induced interleukin-1$\beta$ (IL-1$\beta$) expression but decreased LPS-induced IL-6 expression. These results suggest that low levels of mercury might augment LPS-induced TNF$\alpha$ expression by altering GSH and p38 MAPK. Mercury modulates LPS-induced p38 and ERK activation, and downstream TNF$\alpha$ and IL-6 expression in kidney, respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-30
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• 1985

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of lead on organisms. Mice received 15mg or 30mg of lead acetate per kg body weight every day for 1, 2 or 3 weeks, and the livers and kidneys were removed 24h after repeated injections. The livers and kidneys were used as sources for measurement of enzyme activities and for observation of alterations in ultrastructure. It was observed that body weights of mice treated with lead acetate were decreased when compared with those before treatment. This decrease in body weight was proportional to dose. The enzyme activities of succinate and malate dehydrogenases of experimental group that was treated with lead acetate for 1 week were nearly unchanged when compared with controls, but the enzyme activities of experimental group that was treated with lead acetate for 2 or 3 weeks were lower than those of controls. Changes in the enzyme activities were dependent on, but were not proportional to dose. Histologic examination of livers and kidneys after lead treatment showed that lead compound was accumulated and damaged in nucleus and mitochondria mainly. It was also observed that intranuclear inclusion bodies were formed only in epithelial cell of kidney proximal tubule after lead treatment. The overall changes in the ultrastructure were much greater in the livers than in the kidneys. From the above results, it nay be possible to conclude that the lead results in the decrease in body weight, reduction in the succinate dehydrogenate and malate dehydrogenase activities, and damages in the ultrastructure of kidney and liver in mouse. The presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies only in the kidney implies that these bodies protect the kidney from lead toxicity to some extent.