• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1231-1234
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• 2003

To clerify the toxic effect of methylmercuric chloride(MMC) in cultured mouse myocardial cells, cytotoxic effect was measured by MTT assay after cultured myocardial cells were incubated for 48 hours in the media containing 1～30 uM concentrations of MMC. And also, the protective effect of Benincasae Semen (BS) was assessed in these cultrures. Cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner after cultured myocardial cells were exposed to 30 uM MMC for 48 hours. In the neuroprotective effect of BS on MMC-induced cytotoxicity, BS blocked the MMC-induced myotoxicity in these cultures. From these results, it suggests that MMC is toxic on cultured mouse myocardial cells and BS is effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by MMC.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

In the mouse leukemic monocyte cell line RAW 264.7, the vacuolar-type $(H^+)$-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitor bafilomycin $A_1$ at 10 and 100 nM decreased cell growth and survival as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl(thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in a concentration-dependent manner. At such concentrations, bafilomycin $A_1$ induced nitric oxide (NO) production through the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The bafilomycin $A_1$-induced NO production was inhibited by the NOS inhibitor $N^G$-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA). Our findings suggest that the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin $A_1$ induces NO production through the expression of iNOS protein.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2006

To estimate the inhibitory effect of Rubus coreanum extract on melanin biosynthesis, we tested its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase promoter in B16 mouse melanoma cells. Rubus coreanum extract by methanol had inhibitory effect approximately 10% on tyrosinase promoter at $100{\mu}g/mL$. In the MTT assay, the same extract exhibited very low cytotoxicity under $100{\mu}g/mL$. The fractions of methylene chloride, butyl alcohol and water did not showed the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase promoter, but the fraction of ethyl acetate exhibited inhibitory effect approximately 11% at $100{\mu}g/mL$.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

To estimate the inhibitory effect of some mushroom extract on melanin biosynthesis, we tested its inhibitory effects of five mushroom extracts on tyrosinase promoter in Bl6 mouse melanoma cells. In five mushroom extracts, Cordyceps militaris and Poria cocos exhibited low repression effect on tyrosinase promoter. However, Ganoderma lucidum, Paecilomyces japonicus, Phellinus linteus showed high repression effect, Especially, Paecilomyces japonicus and Phellinus linteus extracts had very higher repression effect approximately $81{\sim}83%\;at\;100{\mu}g/mL$. In the MTT assay, Paecilomyces japonicus and Phellinus linteus extracts exhibited high cytotoxicity. Therefore, repression effect of the extracts were closely connected with cytotoxicity.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

Objectives and Methods : In order to elucidate toxic mechanism of myocardial damage and protective effect of myrrha water extract against cytotoxic effect of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX), cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract was examined by MTT assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity and heart beating rate after cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse were treated with various concentration of XO/HX, a free radical. Results : XO/HX induced a decrease of cell viability, an increase in the amount of LDH, and a decrease of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract, it showed a decrease in the amount of LDH and an increase of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells damaged by XO/HX. Conclusions : From the above results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse and that myrrha water extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the potential of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) as a immune-modulating functional food by assay of splenocytes proliferation and induction of cytokines (IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4) in vitro. When mouse splenocytes were exposed to various concentration (0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50 mg/ml) of pear methanol extracts (P-M) without mitogens, splenocytes proliferation (SP) was significantly increased. Also, SP to mitogens, concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were significantly increased by P-M when compared with controls. When splenocytes were cultured with P-M in the presence of Con A, cytokine (IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4) levels in culture supernatant were significantly enhanced in a dose-dependent manner except 2.5 mg/ml when compared with control group. Therefore, our study suggest that the pear has the potential of being an immune-modulating functional food.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.311-321
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• 1994

Anticancer effects of Aloe on sarcoma 180 in ICR mouse or human cancer cells were determined. Sarcoma 180 cells were inoculated subcutaneously into male ICR mouse to determine effect of Aloe on tumor gowth, or inoculated intraperitoneally into male ICR mouse to determine effect of Aloe on life span prolongation, followed by oral administration of Aloe vera(10 mg/kg/day, 50 mg/kg/day) or Aloe arborescens(10 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day) once a day for 14 days. The administration of Aloe vera or Aloe arborescens did not suppress tumor growh. However the life span of ICR mouse was prolonged to 19%(p<0.05), 22%(p<0.05) and 32%(p<0.05) by administration of Aloe vera 10 mg/kg/day, Aloe vera 50 mg/kg/day, and Aloe arborescens 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. To determine anticancer effect of Aloe in vitro, Aloe extract was added to the culture of human gastric cancer cells(SNU-1) and colorectal cancer cells(SNU-C2A), and concentration of Aloe to inhibit cancer cell growth was determined using MTT(3-[ 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay. High $ID_{50}$ values of Aloe vera and Aloe arborescens against gastric cancer cell line(SNU-1) and colorectal cancer cell line(SNU-C2A) suggest that Aloe gel does not have anticancer effect on these specific human cancer cells although high concentration of Aloe inhibited growth of human cancer cells significantly.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2003

Inhibitory effect of the lectins (KML-C) isolated from Korean mistletoe (KM; Viscum album coloratum) on tumor metastases produced by murine tumor cells (B16-BL6 melanoma, colon 26M3.1 carcinoma and L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cells) was investigated in syngeneic mice. An intravenous (i.v.) administration of KML-C (20-50 ng/mouse) 2 days before tumor inoculation significantly inhibited lung metastases of both B16-BL6 and colon 26-M3.1 cells. The prophylactic effect of 50 ng/mouse of KML-C on lung metastasis was almost the same with that of 100 $\mu$ g/mouse of KM. Treatment with KML-C 1 day after tumor inoculation induced a significant inhibition of not only the experimental lung metastasis induced by B16-BL6 and colon 26M3.1 cells but also the liver and spleen metastasis of L5178Y-ML25 cells. Furthermore, multiple administration of KML-C given at 3 day-intervals after tumor inoculation led to a significant reduction of lung metastasis and suppression of the growth of B16-BL6 melanoma cells in a spontaneous metastasis model. In an assay for natural killer (NK) cell activity. i.v. administration of KML-C (50 ng/mouse) significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 2 days after KML-C treatment. In addition, treatment with KML-C (50 ng/mouse) induced tumoricidal activity of peritoneal macrophages against B16-BL6 and 3LL cells. These results suggest that KML-C has an immunomodulating activity to enhance the host defense system against tumors, and that its prophylactic and therapeutic effect on tumor metastasis is associated with the activation of NK cells and macrophages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.448-457
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• 2023

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia, and impaired mitophagy is a hallmark of AD. Mitophagy is mitochondrial-specific autophagy. Ginsenosides from Ginseng involve in autophagy in cancer. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1 hereafter), a single compound of Ginseng, has neuroprotective effects on AD. However, few studies have reported whether Rg1 can ameliorate AD pathology by regulating mitophagy. Methods: Human SH-SY5Y cell and a 5XFAD mouse model were used to investigate the effects of Rg1. Rg1 (1µM) was added to β-amyloid oligomer (AβO)-induced or APPswe-overexpressed cell models for 24 hours. 5XFAD mouse models were intraperitoneally injected with Rg1 (10 mg/kg/d) for 30 days. Expression levels of mitophagy-related markers were analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze. Mitophagic events were observed using transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and immunofluorescent staining from mouse hippocampus. The activation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway was examined using an immunoprecipitation assay. Results: Rg1 could restore mitophagy and ameliorate memory deficits in the AD cellular and/or mouse model through the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Moreover, Rg1 might induce microglial phagocytosis to reduce β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the hippocampus of AD mice. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD models. Rg1 induces PINK-Parkin mediated mitophagy and ameliorates memory deficits in 5XFAD mouse models.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

Nanoparticles are small-scale substances (<100 nm) with unique properties, complex exposure and health risk implications. Aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) nanoparticles (NP) have been widely used as abrasives, wear-resistant coatings on propeller shafts of ships, to increase the specific impulse per weight of composite propellants used in solid rocket fuel and as drug delivery systems to increase solubility. However, recent studies have shown that nano-sized aluminum (10 nm in diameter) can generate adverse effects, such as pulmonary response. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of $Al_2O_3$ NP were investigated using the dye exclusion assay, the comet assay, and the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase (tk$^{+/-}$) gene mutation assay (MLA). IC$_{20}$ values of $Al_2O_3$ NP in BEAS-2B cells were determined the concentration of 273.44 $\mu$g/mL and 390.63 $\mu$g/mL with and without S-9. However IC$_{20}$ values of $Al_2O_3$ NP were found nontoxic in L5178Y cells both of with and without S-9 fraction. In the comet assay, L5178Y cells and BEAS-2B cells were treated with $Al_2O_3$ NP which significantly increased 2-fold tail moment with and without S-9. Also, the mutant frequencies in the $Al_2O_3$ NP treated L5178Y cells were increased compared to the vehicle controls with S-9. The results of this study indicate that $Al_2O_3$ NP can cause primary DNA damage and cytotoxicity but not mutagenicity in cultured mammalian cells.