• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.72-83
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• 2023

Purpose: North Korean refugee women struggle with the double burden of adaptation and parenting as mothers in a new environment. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, confidence, and educational needs regarding newborn care among North Korean refugees, and to determine differences between these variables according to participants' characteristics. Methods: Data were collected from September to October 2022, and 150 North Korean refugee women recruited using convenience sampling participated in the study. Descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The mean scores were as follows: parenting knowledge, 14.97 out of 25; infection prevention knowledge and confidence, 20.09 out of 33 and 51.37 out of 80, respectively; and educational needs, 245.86 out of 310. Significant differences were observed in newborn care, knowledge, and confidence according to maternal age, educational level, family structure, and pregnancy history. Significant positive correlations were observed between the participants' newborn care knowledge, confidence, and educational needs. Conclusion: Personalized educational programs should be implemented to enhance North Korean refugee women's confidence in newborn care, focusing on areas with low knowledge levels and high educational needs and enabling women to achieve healthy pregnancy and childbirth, and to parent well.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.29-47
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• 2001

In this study of 79 3- and 4-year-old children, behavioral inhibition was assessed by their preschool teachers; mother-child attachment was assessed by the researchers in home visits; and mothers reported on their parenting and their child's emotionality at 6-12 months of age. Findings were that insecure attachment was related to high child's distress reactions to limitations (negative emotionality) in early infancy and to strong maternal rejection/hostility. Higher maternal sensitivity to child's inhibition was related to more secure attachment. Girls were more highly inhibited than boys. Smiling and laughter (positive emotionality) in early infancy was negatively related to child's inhibited behavior. Maternal sensitivity to child inhibition was positively related to child's inhibited behavior. Findings are consistent with Engfer's (1993) theory of gender differences in developmental paths into behavioral inhibition.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.71-88
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• 2002

Mothers of 113 Korean toddlers completed Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire(TBAQ) and Child Rearing Practice Report(CRPR). Observations of mother-child dyads in novel situations involving unfamiliar settings and adults assessed child's behavioral inhibition. Nonsocial inhibition were measured by the amount of time each child spent in physical contact with his/her mother in free-play episodes. Adult-social inhibition was based on child's behavior when an unfamiliar adult requested that the child approach her as she presented them with toys or activities. Results showed that TBAQ Social Fearfulness was positively associated with nonsocial and adult-social inhibition. TBAQ Pleasure was correlated negatively and TBAQ Anger Proneness positively correlated with adult-social inhibition. An interaction effect showed that child's social fearfulness and mother's overprotective behaviors affected adult-social inhibition. The regression model explained 31% of the variance.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.8
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• pp.53-69
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• 2009

Having developed a parent education program for guidance of internet-using children, we evaluated the effectiveness of this program. The program consisted of five two-hour sessions. It was test-run with nineteen participants, which included mothers of elementary school children. In the evaluation of the program, we employed so-called 'pretest-posttest control group design' which compares the difference in the parenting sense of competence, parents' sense of role satisfaction, parents' sense of insecurity, and parents' rearing attitudes between the experimental group and the control group. Program evaluation revealed that the parenting sense of competence and role satisfaction increased in the group that participated in the program compared to the non-participating group. Furthermore, the parents' sense of insecurity decreased and democratic rearing attitudes were fostered in the participating group.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present information about effective parent education method by examining effects of parenting education program on emotional coaching, parenting efficacy, parenting attitude and emotional expression. For this purpose, 43 parents who have a toddler who is financed in H daycare center and Y daycare center in G city of Jeonbuk were selected as research subjects. Among them, twenty - two mothers of infants who are financially supported by H day care center were selected as experiment group and they conducted a total of 8 cycles of emotional coaching parent education program for 120 minutes per week and once a week. For the analysis of collected data, ANCOVA was performed using SPSS 18.0 program. The results were as follows. The parenting program of emotional coaching positively affects mother 's parenting efficacy, parenting attitude and emotional expressiveness. The results of this study can be used as basic data of parent education method which helps the desirable interaction with infant through more specific steps through emotional coaching to parents with toddlers.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

This study examined the relationship between family-friendly community characteristics and the life satisfaction of working mothers with elementary school children, and investigated whether the relationship was mediated by work-family conflict and facilitation of working mothers. For the analysis, the study used the response data of 627 working mothers from the 11th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC, 2019) and multi-mediation effect analyses were conducted using PROCESS. The main results are as follows. First, the higher neighbor support, the higher the work-family facilitation, which significantly increased life satisfaction. Second, the appropriateness of parenting environment and community service infrastructure satisfaction showed significant indirect effects with life satisfaction through increasing work-family facilitation and lowering work-family conflict. Moreover, the appropriateness of parenting environment was positively related with life satisfaction and it was a only variable that was directly associated with life satisfaction. On the other hand, the convenient access to community service infrastructure was found to lower work-family facilitation and lower life satisfaction, confirming the need for follow-up studies. This study shows that the family-friendly characteristics of the community are important for working mothers with elementary school-age children and provides empirical evidence to improve the family-friendly community characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.133-158
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of the young children's mothers who participated in Respected Parents & Respected Children(RPRC) through a phenomenological approach. Data were collected from 9 mothers of preschool children using weekly journals, self-reported worksheets, observer's descriptive notes and reflective notes, and semi-structured pre-interviews and post-interviews to share their experiences regarding their participation in the program. From a phenomenological study, that is one of the qualitative analysis methods, 7 theme categories and 16 lower categories emerged. Theme categories were (1) the intrinsic motivation for participation in parent education program, (2) the beginning of change: mother, (3) the beginning of change: children, (4) the lasting conflicts, (5) the absence of positive parent's role model and intergenerational transmission of parenting, (6) the raising parenting efficacy, (7) the emotional supporting experience from parent education program and expectations of the continuous education course. Discussions and the implications for support practices and interventions were provided.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1998

This study was designed to develop the scale of paternal parenting attitudes which has become an area of interest in child fostering study recently. Considering various factors extracted from previous Korean and foreign studies, the authors constructed a questionnaire composed of total 57 questions. It was applied to 126 mothers from families with no psychiatric patient in Seoul and Pusan who had at least onechild older than age 12 by random sampling. Then the authors extracted the factors which were able to compose the scale and evaluated the concurrent reliability. Also the authors selected mothers of 47 schizophrenic patients and 29 bipolar I patients diagnosed with the criteria of DSM-IV who have treated in Seoul National Mental Hospital and 46 controls which consisted of randomly selected mothers from normal families for the discriminative validity test. The results were as follows. The authors extracted 5 subscales of active participation, democratic guidance, warmth, hostility, devotion for education and Cronbach’s ${\alpha}$ value of each subscale which shows its internal consistency was .82, .78, .65, .78, .61 respectively. In the discriminative validity test, all subscales except ‘devotion for education’ subscale significantly discriminated between fathers of schizophrenics and control group. Furthermore ‘active participation’ subscale and ‘warmth’ subscale showed significant difference between fathers of control group and resting both father group of schizophrenics and biopolar I patients.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-45
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to explore the level of emotional availability of working mothers and their 24~48month-olds (67 dyads: 33 boys and 34 girls) in child care centers and to examine the relationship between the mother-child emotional availability and the related variables of working mothers and their children. Emotional Availability Scales (EA, 3rd edition) developed by Biringen, Z., Robinson, J., & and Emde, R.N. (1998) was used. Mother's work-family conflict, maternal parenting stress, and maternal depression, temperament of child, personal background were measured. The results of this study were as follows: The level of mother-child emotional availability was above in the middle level. There were significant differences in the mother-child emotional availability by maternal educational level and family income level, and significant negative correlation between maternal parenting stress and mother-child emotional availability. There was significant difference in the mother-child emotional availability by the starting point of child care experience. Mother-child emotional availability were significantly explained by family income level, maternal parenting stress, and the starting point of child care experience.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.