• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess actor and partner effects of mothers' and fathers' parenting stress and family cohesion and flexibility on warm parenting behavior. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,471 couples from the Panel Study of Korean Children. The sample was drawn from the sixth wave of data collection, including mothers and fathers of children aged 60-66 months. Data were analyzed via actor-partner interdependence models. Results: The findings illustrated that the actor effect of parenting stress on warm parenting behavior was significant in mothers and fathers, but there was no partner effect. They also revealed that actor and partner effects were significant in relation to mothers' and father's parenting stress and family cohesion and flexibility. Moreover, there was an actor effect of family cohesion on warm parenting behavior for mothers and fathers, but its partner effect was significant only in mothers. Finally, the mediating effects of family cohesion and flexibility between parenting stress and warm parenting behavior was verified. Conclusion: The results highlight not only the need for dyadic data analysis for mothers and fathers but also the need to consider in depth the fathers' role in parenting. Additional implications are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.1 s.215
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• pp.115-129
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to the parental role in satisfaction and parenting behaviors. The subjects were 102 employed mothers and 110 unemployed mothers of 5-year-old children living in Seoul, Korea. The measures were questionnaire, the Parental Role Satisfaction Scale and the Parenting Behaviors Scale. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequency, percentile, mean, correlation, multiple regression and Chow-test. Consistent with Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting, the parental role satisfaction and parenting behaviors of both employed and unemployed mothers were influenced by child characteristics, parent characteristics, and family factors. Results showed that the parental role satisfaction of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated to child's birth order, temperament and health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, fathers' educational level, and family income. Parenting behaviors were also correlated to sex of child, child's birth order, temperament of child, parental educational level, and family income for employed mothers and to health of child, mothers' and fathers' age, mothers' educational level, and family income for unemployed mothers. Especially, father's age for employed mothers, and child's temperament for unemployed mothers, were the most strongly related variables for parental role satisfaction. On the other hand, family income for employed mothers, and fathers' age for unemployed mothers were the most strongly related variables for parenting behaviors.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.107-121
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• 2008

This study aimed to examine the effects of ego-resilience and social support on parenting stress perceived by mothers of school-aged children. The effects of demographic variables(including school grades of children) on the mothers' parenting stress were also investigated. The main results were as follows. First, ego-resilience of mothers was found to have the greatest predictive power on mothers' parenting stress. The more ego-resilient the mothers were, the less parenting stress was perceived. Second, social support also played an important role in alleviating maternal parenting stress. Emotional support of spouses was particularly effective in reducing mothers' parenting stress. Third, the only demographic variable that influenced mothers' parenting stress was their children's academic achievements. Finally, mothers perceived high parenting stress in relation to their children's school grades, while they perceived relatively less parenting stress concerning their children's temperament or the relationship with their children. The implications of these results were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relationships among parenting stress, social support, parenting efficacy, and mothers' parenting behaviors as a function of child's sex. The subjects were 419 boys and 414 girls in the 3rd grade of elementary schools in Inchon city, and their mothers. Conflict Tactics Scales (Straus, 1979), Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1990), and Parenting Sense of Competence (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) were revised for use in this research. A modified version of the Social Support Scale (Pak, 1985) and Teamwork of Parenting Alliance Inventory (Abidin, 1988) were used. The data were analyzed with one way ANOVAS, Pearson's correlations, and covariance structural analysis by the LISREL 8.03 program. The results of this study were: (1) The more mothers felt parenting stress and the less they perceived social support and parenting efficacy. (2) The process leading to mothers' coercive parenting behaviors differed as a function of child's sex. For mothers of boys, parenting stress and social support had an indirect effect on coercive parenting behaviors through the mediation of parenting efficacy. For mothers of girls, however, parenting stress had a direct effect on coercive parenting behaviors.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.270-277
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• 2008

Purpose: Although Hemophilia is a relatively rare hereditary disease, and is treatable with blood products, the parenting stress and guilt of hemophilic patients and their mothers are always high. This study was done to assess the extent of parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child. Method: The participants in this study were 119 mothers with a hemophilic child who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation, and 287 mothers with a healthy child. In order to measure the dimensions related to parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction, the Questionnaire on Parenting Stress Index, Maternal Guilt Scale, Parenting Attitude Scale & Parenting Satisfaction Scale were administered. We analysed the differences between mothers with a hemophilic child and a healthy child in the questionnaire scores using the SPSS program. Result: Parenting stress and guilt of mothers with a hemophilic child were higher than with a healthy child. Parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child were lower than with a healthy child. Conclusion: The results may help medical professionals understand mothers with a hemophilic child and give basic assistance to develop a nursing intervention by exploring possible ways to alleviate such parenting stress and guilt.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.35-49
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• 2015

This study is to examine the relationships between experiences in the family of origin with fathers, parenting participation of fathers, and parenting stress of mothers. The subjects in this study consisted of 203 couples with children of ages 3, 4, and5 attending child care centers in the Gyeong-gi province. The results of this research are summarized as follows. First, experiences in the family of origin with fathers, have meaningful correlations with parenting participation of fathers and parenting stress of mothers. Also, parenting participation of fathers has meaningful correlations with parenting stress of mothers. Second, experiences in the family of origin with fathers have direct/indirect influence on parenting stress of mothers and parenting participation of fathers played a mediating role between the two variables. It is significant that these results give the basic research data for developing aparental education program that can lower parenting stress of mothers by parenting participation of fathers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.51-59
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• 2003

Many parents recognize the importance of social development during early childhood but they feel difficulty in helping their children develop socially. Recently, many researchers have suggested that maternal cognition is an important factor on their parenting behavior and children's development. Thus, this study attempted to investigate the mother's perception and attribution of parenting efficacy for children's social development. Total 247 mothers of three to five year-old children reported self-questionnaire consisting of Melson, Ladd, & Hsu(l993)'s Perceived Difficulty at Parenting Tasks, Criniic & Greenberg(1990)'s Parenting Daily Hassles and Abdin(1990)'s Parenting Alliance Inventory. Also, 82 of the subject's children were individually tested with McGinnis & Goldstein(1990)'s Skill Situations Measure. The major results were as follows: 1) Mothers' parenting efficacy for children's social development was significantly related with child's age, mother's education and the father's cooperation of parenting. 2) Mothers' perceived parenting efficacy was significantly correlated with some dimension of the child's actual social skill (i.e., maintenance of peer relation). 3) Mothers of young children were more likely to attribute to their children for their parenting efficacy than those of old children. 4) Mothers were more likely attribute to their children than themselves when they perceive parenting difficult. 5) Mothers who perceive parenting easy and attributed it to their children had less parenting stress than those of attributing it to themselves.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.109-122
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• 2004

This study examined the characteristics of children, parents, family, and the extra context related to the parenting stress of employed and unemployed mothers from a broader perspective. The subjects were 323 employed mothers 3nd 300 unemployed mothers of pre-school age children. Parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with the chid's activity level, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program's location. Parenting stress due to child-rearing of both employed and unemployed mothers was correlated with child's birth order, activity level and rhythmicity of child, husband support, quality of life, available social support, and satisfaction of early childhood program. Number of children was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to the role of being a parent for employed mothers and the child's activity level for unemployed mothers. Besides, the child's activity level was the strongest predictor of parenting stress due to child-rearing for both employed and unemployed mothers.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.609-617
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• 2014

This study investigates the relationships between the parenting stress of mothers of three-year-old children, and parenting styles of these mothers, and characteristics of parents to analyze relevant variables influencing parenting stress. Data on a total of 1,704 mothers from the 2011 Korean Children Panel Survey of the Child-Care Policy Research Institute were analysed. First, the parenting stress of mothers of three-year-old children was negatively correlated with parenting style, marital conflict, and husband's cooperation, but positively correlated with their marital conflict. Second, the positive parenting style had the greatest effect on the parenting stress of mothers of three-year-old children, followed by marital conflict. These results demonstrate that parents' positive parenting style and harmony education and social support for the parenting stress of mothers of three-year-old children.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-124
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the double mediating effects of maternal and paternal parenting stress and the regularity of children's daily routines in the association between maternal and paternal parenting time and children's self-regulation. Methods: A total of 235 preschool children aged 4-5 years and their mothers and fathers participated in the study. Parenting time, parenting stress, and children's self-regulation were assessed using both mothers' and fathers' reports, but the regularity of daily routines was assessed using mothers' reports only. The data was analyzed using SEM in Mplus 8.2. Results: Mothers' and fathers' parenting stress appeared to have cross-spousal mediated effects of their parenting time on children's self-regulation. Higher levels of mothers' and fathers' parenting time predicted higher levels of children's self-regulation through only a lower level of mothers' parenting stress and a higher level of the regularity of daily routines. Conclusion/Implications: Findings indicated that parents' parenting time played a significant protective factor in reducing parenting stress and increasing the regularity of daily routines among family members. This cross-spousal influence on parenting process can inform the development of prevention programs and parenting education to promote self-regulation skills among preschool children.