• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.289-296
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• 2019

In the era of M-ICT (mobile information communication technology), it is becoming more and more important to establish a city brand image that is "user-centered" and creates a new experience of "interaction between people, people and things, and people and space". The experience of city users on the brand image of a city is the key factor to determine the competitiveness of the city, among which the user's research on the touch point of the city brand is particularly important. The purpose of this study is to enhance the user's brand experience and enhance the city's brand competitiveness. The research methods of this paper are literature review and investigation. Firstly, the background and purpose of the study are expounded, then the characteristics and ways of user experience touch points are defined through the document review, and the multi-latitude composition model of city brand touch points is proposed. By means of user investigation, the structural characteristics of high frequency touch points between digital touch points and physical touch points are obtained. According to the problems found in the investigation, the optimal design strategy of touch point is put forward in combination with the case. The innovation of this study is to study the relationship between the city brand and the touch point of user experience from the perspective of user experience, and propose a multi-latitude model of the touch point of city brand.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

Recentely, the military needs to apply various technologies for the improvement of teamwork. The government should take the non-face-to-face system due to the social interest of young military members. In this study we investigated collective cohesion by helping soldiers who have difficulty expressing their feelings and delivering messages while living in groups, or who are unable to adapt to group life due to psychological disorders such as relationship anxiety. We proposed the Multi-perspective Relationship Experience program as a new VR application. We showed feeling a sense of reality equivalent to the actual situation, interpersonal tension and social distance were significantly reduced, and communication, which was difficult to actually do, was naturally achieved. In addition, positive effects were confirmed on the sense of belonging and leadership among all participants. We will be effectively used in manpower management policies that improve the collective cohesion of soldiers and support the adaptability of the military environment in line with the rapidly changing social interaction method.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1D
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• pp.129-136
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• 2008

Along with the development in cutting-edge digital technology, the street space is also being changed. Mobile telecommunication units and internet give a big change in a human being's lifestyle. And the ubiquitous computing is proceeding with expanding its application range from the indoor space to the street space. As the street furniture is the convenient facility that allows a human being's life in street space to be abundant, it is getting advanced. First of all, in terms of such phenomenon, this study analyzed the cases of a research on application of street space and the actual condition of a change in the number of individuals for the street furniture, through a literature research of ubiquitous. Also, it researched into the realities of using the street furniture of the walking-desired streets at Daehac-ro and Hongdae district, where are two representative places related to digital generation. The next was carried out FGI (Focus Group Interview) with users of the street space in front of Hongik University and managers of the street furniture, and was researched into the use & management behavior, and recognition level on the street furniture. Thus, the key elements were extracted such as interchange of information for cultural activities, automation for interaction variability in function. Finally the core elements for future vision of street furniture in this digital era were extracted in 3I, namely, Information, Intellectualization, and Integration. This is considered to be applied to the establishment of direction in the process of high-tech digitalization in street furniture related to information hereafter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2023

This study aims to propose implications for the development of archival content of archives management institutions in Korea by analyzing cases of the archival content on Instagram of the national archives in the Anglosphere. The basic information of the research target's Instagram account, including the creation date, content, and the number of followers, was investigated, and the posts' contents and interaction types with high user responses were analyzed. As a result, to spread the records information service using Instagram, producing images and short-form content that can be intuitively checked through mobile screens and creating content that will attract the attention of primary users are required. Moreover, it is necessary to develop content for informative communications that can be shared with other users. There is also a need to enhance the exposure and searchability of the institution's Instagram account by strengthening connections with the institution's existing online resources and enabling communications, such as using hashtags, following related institutional accounts, and providing feedback on the contents' comments with followers. This study is meaningful in that it examined cases of archival content for Instagram and suggested their applications, and it can be used as basic data to help plan archival contents to spread the archival culture.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.3-28
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• 2023

This study aims to analyze the usage behavior of e-government service users based on the e-government maturity model and provide suggestions for advancement of the e-government services. The changes in Korea's e-government services were analyzed as follows; 1) Proportion of use of e-government services in Korean public services, 2) E-government service types/stages use, 3) Service use by platform 4) User response to e-government service 5) Users' requests for future e-government service usage methods. For the analysis, this study used data from Korea's 2012-2020 e-government usage behavior survey data. As a result of the analysis, first, the proportion of e-government service has been continuously increasing, and second, the use of the e-participation stage is relatively low compared to the presenting information, interaction, and transaction stages. Third, by platform, e-government service has been expanded to various access platforms such as mobile, kiosk, and SNS centering on the web. Fourth, users' satisfaction with e-government service is very high. However, to vitalize e-government services, users requested improvements such as providing one-stop integrated services and simplifying authentication procedures. Based on the analysis results, this study 1) reflects the user's point of view in the maturity model of e-government, 2) considers access to various platforms according to the development of digital technology, 3) improves the e-government maturity model through data-based analysis such as user usage behavior suggested the need.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

As the Internet and smartphones prevail, this study investigated the purchasing factors of a new beauty marketing method, the social commerce, and verified the relationship of such purchasing factors to consumer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions. In order to verify the validity of purchasing factors, five sub-factors, such as service, price, interaction, convenience, and interest were classified, while consumer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions are grouped into one factor, using data about 20-39 years old. According to results of this study, purchasing factors in the beauty service markets through social commerce that had effects on the consumer satisfaction were price, service, convenience, and interest, but no relationship was found with interaction. We can predict that consumers buy not based on community activities among buyers or purchasing comments of others, but rather his/her own subjective thoughts and opinions about the services. As the result of repurchasing intention according to purchasing factors, affecting sub-factors were price, service, and convenience. Repurchasing intention is an positive response that reflects satisfactions. Since low price, satisfaction on the service, and convenience for busy modern people should be met, repurchasing intentions are not affected by interest, but rather systematic and professional service. Also, higher satisfaction on service raises repurchasing intention. In this study, it is clear that not only purchasing factors through social-commerce effect the satisfaction and the repurchasing intention, but also consumer satisfaction mediates partly purchasing factors and the repurchasing intention. And as sub-factors of purchasing factors, price, service, or convenience are more important to the consumer satisfaction than community or replies activities. Thus differentiated and professional customer service, the establishment and enhancement of trendy marketing should improve long term repurchasing intentions. This will lead to the increasing revenue of personal-shop and the developments of beauty markets, so strengthening product sourcing and promotion suitable for mobile shoppers are essential.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.25-31
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• 2007

Characterizing the risk posed by a mixture of chemicals is a challenging task due to the chemical interactions of individual components that may affect their physical behavior and hence alter their exposure to receptors. In this study, cell tests that represent subsurface environment were carried out using benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and p-xylene focusing on phasetransforming interaction to verify increased mobility and risk of highly sorbed pollutants in the presence of less sorbed, mobile liquid pollutants. A transport model was also developed to interpret results and to simulate the same process on a field scale. The experimental results showed that BaA had far greater mobility in the presence of p-xylene than in the absence of that. The main transport mechanisms in the vadose zone were by dissolution to p-xylene or water. The transport model utilizing Defined Time Steps (DTS) was developed and tested with the experimental results. The predicted and observed values showed similar tendency, but the more work is needed in the future study for more precise modeling. The field-scale simulation results showed that transport of BaA to groundwater table was significantly faster in the presence of NAPL, and the oral carcinogenic risk of BaA calculated with the concentration in groundwater was 15${\sim}$87 times larger when mixed with NAPL than when solely contaminated. Since transport rate of PAHs is very slow in the subsurface without NAPL and no degradation of PAHs was considered in this simulation during the transport, the increase of risk in the presence of NAPL is expected to be greater for the actual contaminated site.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1994

The Deogbong napseok clay deposit which is composed mainly of dickite and pyrophyllite has been formed by hydrothermal alteration of the Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks consisting of andesitic tuff and andesite. The mineralogy of the napseok ores and the hydrothermal alteration processes have been studied in order to know the nature of the interaction between minerals and fluids for the formation of the deposit. Chemical distribution shows that alkali elements and silica were mobile but alumina was relatively immobile during the hydrothermal processes. It is evident that enrichment of alumina and leaching of silica from the host rock led to the formation of the napseok ore, whereas the enrichment of silica in the outer zone of the deposit gave rise to the silica zone. A large amount of microcrystalline quartz closely associated with dickite and pyrophyllite suggests the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica. Thus Si which was released away from the argillic zone by the increasing activity of silica solubility moved out precipitating in the margin of the deposit to form the silica zone. Variation in dickite crystallinity implies the local change in the stability of the system. Thermodynamic calculation shows that the invariant point of pyrophyllite-dickite (kaolinite)-diaspore-quartz assemblages at 500 bars in the system $Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}-H_{2}O$ is about 300 $^{\circ}C$. Based on the mineral assemblages and the experimental data reported, it is estimated that the main episode of hydrothermal alteration occurred at least above 270 to 300 $^{\circ}C$ and $X_{CO_2}$ <0.025. Mineral occurrence and chemical variation indicate that the activity of Al is high in the upper part of the deposit, whereas the activity of Si is high in the lower part and the margin of the deposit. The nonequilibrium phase relations observed in the Deogbong deposit might be due to local change in intensive thermodynamic variables and fluid transport properties that resulted in the formation of nonequilibrium phases b of several stages.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-145
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• 2009

Recently, due to the globalization of the IT(Information Technology) market, devices and systems designed in one country are used in other countries as well. This phenomenon is becoming the key factor for increased interest on cross-cultural, or cross-national, research within the IT area. However, as the IT market is becoming bigger and more globalized, a great number of IT practitioners are having difficulty in designing and developing devices or systems which can provide optimal experience. This is because not only tangible factors such as language and a country's economic or industrial power affect the user experience of a certain device or system but also invisible and intangible factors as well. Among such invisible and intangible factors, the cultural characteristics of users from different countries may affect the user experience of certain devices or systems because cultural characteristics affect how they understand and interpret the devices or systems. In other words, when users evaluate the quality of overall user experience, the cultural characteristics of each user act as a perceptual lens that leads the user to focus on a certain elements of experience. Therefore, there is a need within the IT field to consider cultural characteristics when designing or developing certain devices or systems and plan a strategy for localization. In such an environment, existing IS studies identify the culture with the country, emphasize the importance of culture in a national level perspective, and hypothesize that users within the same country have same cultural characteristics. Under such assumptions, these studies focus on the moderating effects of cultural characteristics on a national level within a certain theoretical framework. This has already been suggested by cross-cultural studies conducted by scholars such as Hofstede(1980) in providing numerical research results and measurement items for cultural characteristics and using such results or items as they increase the efficiency of studies. However, such national level culture has its limitations in forecasting and explaining individual-level behaviors such as voluntary device or system usage. This is because individual cultural characteristics are the outcome of not only the national culture but also the culture of a race, company, local area, family, and other groups that are formulated through interaction within the group. Therefore, national or nationally dominant cultural characteristics may have its limitations in forecasting and explaining the cultural characteristics of an individual. Moreover, past studies in psychology suggest a possibility that there exist different cultural characteristics within a single individual depending on the subject being measured or its context. For example, in relation to individual vs. collective characteristics, which is one of the major cultural characteristics, an individual may show collectivistic characteristics when he or she is with family or friends but show individualistic characteristics in his or her workplace. Therefore, this study acknowledged such limitations of past studies and conducted a research within the framework of 'theoretically integrated model of user satisfaction and emotional attachment', which was developed through a former study, on how the effects of different experience elements on emotional attachment or user satisfaction are differentiated depending on the individual cultural characteristics related to a system or device usage. In order to do this, this study hypothesized the moderating effects of four cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs, collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, and power distance) as suggested by Hofstede(1980) within the theoretically integrated model of emotional attachment and user satisfaction. Statistical tests were then implemented on these moderating effects through conducting surveys with users of four digital devices (mobile phone, MP3 player, LCD TV, and refrigerator) in three countries (US, Germany, and Russia). In order to explain and forecast the behavior of personal device or system users, individual cultural characteristics must be measured, and depending on the target device or system, measurements must be measured independently. Through this suggestion, this study hopes to provide new and useful perspectives for future IS research.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.7-29
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• 2012

Smartphone and its applications (i.e. apps) are increasingly penetrating consumer markets. According to a recent report from Korea Communications Commission, nearly 50% of mobile subscribers in South Korea are smartphone users that accounts for over 25 million people. In particular, the importance of smartphone has risen as a geospatially-aware device that provides various location-based services (LBS) equipped with GPS capability. The popular LBS include map and navigation, traffic and transportation updates, shopping and coupon services, and location-sensitive social network services. Overall, the emerging location-based smartphone apps (LBA) offer significant value by providing greater connectivity, personalization, and information and entertainment in a location-specific context. Conversely, the rapid growth of LBA and their benefits have been accompanied by concerns over the collection and dissemination of individual users' personal information through ongoing tracking of their location, identity, preferences, and social behaviors. The majority of LBA users tend to agree and consent to the LBA provider's terms and privacy policy on use of location data to get the immediate services. This tendency further increases the potential risks of unprotected exposure of personal information and serious invasion and breaches of individual privacy. To address the complex issues surrounding LBA particularly from the user's behavioral perspective, this study applied the privacy calculus model (PCM) to explore the factors that influence the adoption of LBA. According to PCM, consumers are engaged in a dynamic adjustment process in which privacy risks are weighted against benefits of information disclosure. Consistent with the principal notion of PCM, we investigated how individual users make a risk-benefit assessment under which personalized service and locatability act as benefit-side factors and information privacy risks act as a risk-side factor accompanying LBA adoption. In addition, we consider the moderating role of trust on the service providers in the prohibiting effects of privacy risks on user intention to adopt LBA. Further we include perceived ease of use and usefulness as additional constructs to examine whether the technology acceptance model (TAM) can be applied in the context of LBA adoption. The research model with ten (10) hypotheses was tested using data gathered from 98 respondents through a quasi-experimental survey method. During the survey, each participant was asked to navigate the website where the experimental simulation of a LBA allows the participant to purchase time-and-location sensitive discounted tickets for nearby stores. Structural equations modeling using partial least square validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results showed that six (6) out of ten (10) hypotheses were supported. On the subject of the core PCM, H2 (locatability ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) and H3 (privacy risks ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) were supported, while H1 (personalization ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) was not supported. Further, we could not any interaction effects (personalization X privacy risks, H4 & locatability X privacy risks, H5) on the intention to use LBA. In terms of privacy risks and trust, as mentioned above we found the significant negative influence from privacy risks on intention to use (H3), but positive influence from trust, which supported H6 (trust ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA). The moderating effect of trust on the negative relationship between privacy risks and intention to use LBA was tested and confirmed by supporting H7 (privacy risks X trust ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA). The two hypotheses regarding to the TAM, including H8 (perceived ease of use ${\rightarrow}$ perceived usefulness) and H9 (perceived ease of use ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) were supported; however, H10 (perceived effectiveness ${\rightarrow}$ intention to use LBA) was not supported. Results of this study offer the following key findings and implications. First the application of PCM was found to be a good analysis framework in the context of LBA adoption. Many of the hypotheses in the model were confirmed and the high value of $R^2$ (i.,e., 51%) indicated a good fit of the model. In particular, locatability and privacy risks are found to be the appropriate PCM-based antecedent variables. Second, the existence of moderating effect of trust on service provider suggests that the same marginal change in the level of privacy risks may differentially influence the intention to use LBA. That is, while the privacy risks increasingly become important social issues and will negatively influence the intention to use LBA, it is critical for LBA providers to build consumer trust and confidence to successfully mitigate this negative impact. Lastly, we could not find sufficient evidence that the intention to use LBA is influenced by perceived usefulness, which has been very well supported in most previous TAM research. This may suggest that more future research should examine the validity of applying TAM and further extend or modify it in the context of LBA or other similar smartphone apps.