• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.1 s.47
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2006

Melting slag generated from the lots of municipal incineration ash, which causes the one of big urban problems in modern industrial society, was used as starting material for the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite. P-type zeolite has been successfully synthesized by the combined process of both 'hydrogelation' and 'clay conversion' method. Commercial sodium silicate was used as Si source, and $NaAlO_2$ was prepared by the reaction in a $Na_{2}O/Al_{2}O_{3}$ molar ratio of 1.2. The optimum conditions for zeolite synthesis was found to be the $SiO_{2}/Al_{2}O_{3}$ ratio in the 3.2 and 4.2 range, the $H_{2}O/Na_{2}O$ ratio in the 70.7 and 80.0 range, and more than 15-hour reaction time at $80^{\circ}C$, In the synthesized zeolite, inhomogeneous melting slag particles were disappeared and homogeneous P-type zeolite crystal was grown. The cation exchange capacity of the synthesized zeolite was determined to be approx. 240 cmol/kg.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.611-631
• /
• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 2008

Artificial mattes were prepared with adding pyrite or chalcopyrite as sulfur sources with Cu-Ni-Co-Fe alloy. The major phases identified by X-ray diffraction pattern were $(FeSi)_9S_8$, $CuFeS_2$, FeS, $Co_4S_3$, $Ni_3S_2$ and $Cu_2S$ for both mattes, and the matte prepared by adding chalcopyrite showed the higher peak of $Cu_2S$ due to high content of copper. Under optimum conditions, more than 95% copper, 90% nickel and 90% cobalt were extracted into leaching solution and sulfur concentration in the mattes did not much affect the leaching efficiency of the metals. The increase of the amount of pyrite or chalcopyrite added decreased pH in leaching solution and increased the concentration of iron ion dissolved in the leaching solution and the amount of residue.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.53 no.6
• /
• pp.655-666
• /
• 2020

This study evaluated the characteristics of arsenic production in groundwater through microbial community analysis of groundwater contaminated with high arsenic in Haman area. Groundwater in Haman area is contaminated with arsenic in the range of 0-757.2 ㎍/L, which represents the highest arsenic contamination concentration reported in Korea as natural groundwater pollution source. Of the total 200 samples, 29 samples (14.5%) showed higher arsenic concentration than that of 10 ㎍/L, which is the standard for drinking water quality, and 8 samples (4%) found in wells with 80-100 m depth were above 50 ㎍/L. In addition, seven wells with arsenic concentration more than 100 ㎍/L located in the northern part of Haman. As a result of microbial community analysis for high arsenic-contaminated groundwater, the microbial community compositions were significantly different between each sample, and Proteobacteria was the most dominant phyla with an average of 61.5%. At the genus level, the Gallinonella genus was predominant with about 12.8% proportion, followed by the Acinetobacter and Methermicoccus genus with about 7.8 and 7.3%, respectively. It is expected that high arsenic groundwater in the study area was caused by a complex reaction of geochemical characteristics and biogeochemical processes. Therefore, it is expected that the constructed information on geochemical characteristics and microbial communities through this study could be used to identify the origin of high arsenic groundwater and the development of its controlling technology.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of milk mineral (MM) as the calcium source for the production of calcium-fortified yogurt. MM was composed of 83% minerals, 7.5% lactose, 3.3% protein, and < 1% fat. Calcium (Ca) content in MM was about 46%; calcium: phosphorous ratio was 1.28:1. The aqueous solubility of Ca increased with the decrease in pH; the solubility at pH 4 and 5 was 98% and 53%, respectively. Ca-fortified yogurt with up to 200 mg Ca/100 mL did not show significant differences in acid production and number of viable cells; however, the viscosity increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase in Ca levels. Microstructure analysis of Ca-fortified yogurt using confocal scanning laser microscopy indicated that the protein network became denser with increasing fortification with MM. There was no significant difference in the sensory quality between the control and Ca-fortified yogurts. Therefore, MM could be used for the production of Ca-fortified yoghurt without compromising the quality characteristics of yogurt.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 2023

Illite is a common mineral that forms readily from feldspar and mica via hydrothermal alteration and exhibits various characteristics depending on the degree of hydrothermal alteration. To ensure continued mining of high-quality illite ore, it is crucial to understand the illitization. Thus, this study collected ores from two illite ore deposit and their surrounding alteration zones in Yeongdong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, a significant source of illite in the Republic of Korea, to determine the constituent mineral contents and textural characteristics. Polarized light microscopy analyses revealed that the illite ore deposit were highly illitized with little remaining textural characteristics of the parent mica schist, and only some quartz was present. The ore zone contained illite, muscovite, quartz, and feldspar, with illitization primarily occurring around feldspar and quartz. X-ray diffraction analyses identified that the content of illite/muscovite was approximately 50-75 wt.%, with a maximum of 75 wt.%. Additionally, X-ray fluorescence analyses indicated a linear increase in K₂O content with increasing illite content, showing the highest correlation among the major components analyzed. It is suggested that the illite in the Yeongdong area results from feldspar and quartz alteration by hydrothermal fluids along the fault, with illitization of feldspar occurring before that of quartz. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of high-quality illite ore deposit in Yeongdong, Chungcheongbuk-do.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 1982

A potential fungal lipid producer from starch, which was identified as Muror plumbeus, was isolated from natural sources and its optimum cultivation condition for lipid production was investigated. The Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 showed the highest felt weight and lipid content which were 2.09 $\pm$ 0.24g per 50$m\ell$ of medium and 37.43% on dry weight basis respectively after 20 days incubation on the medium containing 21% of starch as a carbon source. The urea was the best nitrogen source as compared with sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium acetate and its optimum concentration was 2.14g/$\ell$, showing 2.39 $\pm$ 0.07 g felt/50$m\ell$ of medium and 50.73% lipid content on dry weight basis after 25 days incubation. Besides the starch as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source, the Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 utilized ZnSO$_4$, MgSO$_4$, NaH$_2$PO$_4$, $K_2$SO$_4$and FeCl$_3$as mineral sources. However, it did not require ail the above 5 minerals in group in-dispensably for its growth and lipid accumulation. The lipid and economic coefficient of Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 grown on the medium containing 0.44g $K_2$SO$_4$or 5.00g MgSO$_4$/$\ell$solely were 14.96 and 15.37 and 31.12 and 26.10 which was higher than those on the medium containing the above 5 minerals.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.207-211
• /
• 2015

To investigate the usefulness of Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as mushroom culture media source, we analyze physical condition and contents of nutritional components. The water absorption rate of Kenaf bast was 578% and it was 95% higher than that of poplar sawdust's. This was caused by Kenaf's porous cellular structure. so it could give more moisture and oxygen to cultured mushroom. Total carbon contents of Kenaf was 91.4%, it was quite higher than that of poplar sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran. Total nitrogen content was 1.76% and C/N ratio was 51.9. The content of NFE(Nitrogen free extract) was 46.6% and it was similar with rice bran. Cellulose content was higher than poplar but lignin content was lower. specially hemicellulose and pectin complex which more digestible carbon source to mushroom was 3.7% higher than poplar. Mineral component and amino acid contents were also maintained high compared with poplar. Fe was 4.2 times, P 3.2 times, K 2.2 times more and Ca was higher 16 mg/kg than poplar. The content of amino acid was quite more higher than poplar sawdust but lower than chaff. Consequently Kenaf had a good trait for basic support material in mushroom culture media and also had a good character as nutritional source.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.839-844
• /
• 2008

A strain SH-517 which produce extracellular keratinase, was isolated from the soil of a poultry waste and a poultry factory. An isolate SH-517 was identified as Bacillus sp. based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics. The optimal culture conditions for the production of keratinase by Bacillus sp. SH-517 were investigated. The optimal medium composition for keratinase production was determined to be 2.0% chicken feather as carbon source, 0.5% beef extract as organic nitrogen source, 0.5% $KNO_3$ as inorganic nitrogen source and 0.06% KCl, 0.05% NaCl, 0.04% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.03% $K_2HPO_4$ as mineral source and 0.01% yeast extract as growth factor. The optimal temperature and pH of medium were shown $40^{\circ}C$ and 8.5 with shaking culture (180 rpm/min), respectively. The maximum keratinase production reached maximum of 125 units/ml/min after 42 hr of cultivation under the optimal culturing conditions.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.267-297
• /
• 2003

The plain coarse pottery from the Unjeonri Bronze Age relic sites in the Cheonan, Korea were studied on the basis of clay mineralogy, geochemistry and archaegeological interpretations. For the research, the potteries are utilized at the analysis for 6 pieces of plain coarse potteries. Color of the these potteries are mainly light brown, partly shows the yellowish brown to reddish brown. The interior, surface and inside of the pottery appear as different colors in any cases. Original source materials making the Unjeonri potteries are used of mainly sandy clay soil with extreme coarse grained irregularly quartz and feldspar. The magnetic susceptibility of the Unjeonri pottery range from 0.20 to 1.20. And the Unjeonri soil's magnetic susceptibility agree almost with 0.20 to 1.30. In the same magnetization of soil and pottery, the results revealed that the Unjeonri soil and low material of pottery are same produced by identical source materials. The Unjeonri potteries and soil are very similar patterns with all characteristics of soil mineralogy, geochemical evolution trend. The result seems to be same relationships between the behavior and enrichment patterns on the basis of a compatible and a incompatible elements. Consequently, the Unjeonri potteries suggest that made the soil to be distributed in the circumstance of the relic sites as the raw material are high in a greater part. In the Unjeonri soil, the kaolinite is common occurred minerals. However, in the Unjeonri pottery, the kaolinite was not detected in all broken pieces. The kaolinite was presumed to destroy crystal structure during the firing processes of over $550^{\circ}C$. The quartz is phase transition from ${\alpha}$-quartz to ${\beta}$-quartz at $573^{\circ}C$, but the Unjeonri pottery did not investigated any phase transition evidences of quartz. The chorite was detected within the mostly potteries and soils. As the results, the Unjeonri potteries can be interpreted by not experiencing a firing temperature over $800^{\circ}C$. The colloidal and cementing materials between the quartz and low materials during the heating did not exist in the internal part of the potteries. An any secondary compounds by heating does not appear within the crack to happen during the dry of the pottery. The hyphae group are kept as it is with the root tissue of an organic matters to live in the swampy land. In the syntheses of all results, the general firing condition to bake and make the Unjeonri pottery is presumed from $550^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$. However, the firing condition making the Unjeonri pottery can be different firing temperature partially in one pottery. Even, the some part of the pottery does not take a direct influence on the fire.