• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.199-208
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• 2005

This study analysis if the concepts of kitsch and vernacular remains as cultural elements for product design. Because their function and aesthetic value have vivid possibilities for general product design fields. For the purpose, this study limits its range within post modernism, kitsch, and vernacular, and analyzes their relationships. Against functionalism, post modernism had cultural pluralisms to approach into popular styles, and some of them was amusing design. That post modernism designs stimulated human beings' emotion by decorations or some symbolic forms from specific objects is similar to the symbolism, regionalism, or pluralism of kitsch or vernacular. Kitsch is a free style that is not limited in any specific trends. It is a Meta culture that has influenced into various fields including design, so kitsch does not have a parallel position with a product or design. In product design, kitsch is the behavior and result of imitating existing objects' images. It could have amusement according to which objects are imitated. So if human beings feel amusement by kitsch, it could be same as the direction of post modernism. Kitsch is determined by design atmospheres. They cannot be specified abjectly, and can be different according to people. With symbolism and regionalism, kitsch and vernacular appeared according to people's needs. While kitsch is consumer's tastes-oriented, vernacular is cultural tradition-oriented. Kitsch has symbolism that specifies products' functions or design concepts, and it is a communication method between human being and products. Because vernacular is province-oriented, it has a lot of styles according to regional living environments and cultural differences. So vernacular design reflects continued traditional lifestyles. By restorative memory, regionalism, cultural pluralism, amusement, and symbolism, kitsch and vernacular could be understood the sub or parallel concepts of post modernism. They might be easily miss-understood mixed concepts that have western and national characters. But in kitsch and vernacular concept, modernizing pas by using the pluralism of post modernism should be considered positive. So, the range of the further study is also supposed to be focused on more widened fields to, to establish cultural identification in design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.24-32
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• 2019

According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, the total area of unexecuted urban planning facilities in Korea is about $1,257km^2$, of which 47% is the unexecuted urban green space and forests. In the case of Seoul, the total area of unexecuted urban planning facilities is about $66km^2$, which is 5.24% of the total unexecuted area in the entire country. In Seoul, approximately 88% of the total unexecuted area is urban green space and forests, which is higher than the national rate. About 92% of the unexecuted urban planning facilities are long-term unexecuted urban planning facilities that are more than 10 years old. This study assessed the economic value of potential ecosystem services, focusing on the regulation service, supporting service, and cultural service, for urban green space and forests of unexecuted urban planning facilities in Seoul by using meta-regression analysis. As a result, the value of the regulation service provided by the urban green space and forests in Seoul was about 16.39 billion KRW, the value of the supporting service was about 5.8 billion KRW, and the cultural service value was about 7.78 billion KRW. The total value of ecosystem services is about 33.93 billion KRW. The values of regulation service and cultural service were the highest, and that was attributed to the characteristics of the downtown area. The significance of this study is to evaluate the value of ecosystem services for unexecuted urban planning facilities in Seoul. The results of this study can be used not only in the process of urban planning or policymaking but also land compensation methods applying the concept of an ecosystem service payment system.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.435-455
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• 2023

This study primarily focused on the development of an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) model to discern and analyze papers with significant impact in the field of mathematics education. To achieve this, meta-information from 29 domestic and international mathematics education journals was utilized to construct a comprehensive academic research network in mathematics education. This academic network was built by integrating five sub-networks: 'paper and its citation network', 'paper and author network', 'paper and journal network', 'co-authorship network', and 'author and affiliation network'. The Random Forest machine learning model was employed to evaluate the impact of individual papers within the mathematics education research network. The SHAP, an XAI model, was used to analyze the reasons behind the AI's assessment of impactful papers. Key features identified for determining impactful papers in the field of mathematics education through the XAI included 'paper network PageRank', 'changes in citations per paper', 'total citations', 'changes in the author's h-index', and 'citations per paper of the journal'. It became evident that papers, authors, and journals play significant roles when evaluating individual papers. When analyzing and comparing domestic and international mathematics education research, variations in these discernment patterns were observed. Notably, the significance of 'co-authorship network PageRank' was emphasized in domestic mathematics education research. The XAI model proposed in this study serves as a tool for determining the impact of papers using AI, providing researchers with strategic direction when writing papers. For instance, expanding the paper network, presenting at academic conferences, and activating the author network through co-authorship were identified as major elements enhancing the impact of a paper. Based on these findings, researchers can have a clear understanding of how their work is perceived and evaluated in academia and identify the key factors influencing these evaluations. This study offers a novel approach to evaluating the impact of mathematics education papers using an explainable AI model, traditionally a process that consumed significant time and resources. This approach not only presents a new paradigm that can be applied to evaluations in various academic fields beyond mathematics education but also is expected to substantially enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of research activities.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.73-90
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• 1969

The area studied is a southwestern part of Okcheon geosynclinal zone which streches diagonally across the Korean peninsula in the mid-central parts of South Korea, and is bounded by Charyeong mountain chains in the north and by Sobaek mountain chains in the south. The general trend of the zone is of NE-SW direction known as Sinian direction. Okcheon system of pre-Cambrian age occupies southwestern portion of Okcheon geosynclinal zone, and Choseon and Pyeongan systems of Cambrian to Triassic age in northeastern portion of the zone. It was defined by the writer that the former was called "Okcheon Paleogeosynclinal zone" and the latter "Okcheon Neogeosynclinal zone," although T. Kobayashi named them "Metamorphosed Okcheon zone" and "Non-metamorphosed Okcheon zone" respectively and thought that sedimentary formations in both zones were same in origin and of Paleozonic age, and C.M. Son also described that Okchon system was of post-Choseon (Ordovician) and pre-Kyeongsang (Cretaceous) in age. According to the present study two zones are separated by great fault so that the geology in both zones is not only entirely different in origin and age, but also their geolosical structures are discontinuous. Stratigraphy and structure of Okcheon system are clearly established and defined by the writer and its age is definitely pre-Cambrian. It is clarified by present study that the meta-sediments in and at vicinity of Charyeong mountain chains are correlated to Weonnam series of pre-Cambrian age which occupies and continues from northeast to southwest in and at south of Sobaek mountain chains, and both metasediments constitute basement of Okcheon system. Pyeongan, Daedong and Kyeongsang systems were deposited in few narrow intermontain basins in Okcheon paleogeosynclinal zone after it was emerged at the end of Carboniferous period. Granites of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages and volcanics of Cretaceous age are cropped out in the zone. Jurassic granite is aligned generally with the trend of Okcheon geosynclinal zone, whereas Cretaceous granite lacks of trend in distribution. Many isoclinal folds and thrust faults caused by Taebo orogeny at the end of Jurassic period are also parallel with Sinian directieon and dip steeply to northwest. Charyeong, Noryeong, Sobaek, and Deogyu mountain chains are located in areas of anticlinorium, and Kyongsang system in narrow synclinal zones. Folds in Okcheon neogeosynclinal zone are generally of N 70-80W direction but deviate to Sinian direction at the western parts of the zone. This phenomena is interpreted by the fact that the folds were originated by Songrim disturbance at the end of Triassic period and later partly modified by Taebo orogeny. Thrust faults of Taebo orogeny coentinue from Okcheon paleogeosynclinal zone into neogeosynclinal zone, forming imbricated structure as previously described. Strike-slip faults perpendicular to Sinian direction and shear faults diagonally across it by 55 degrees also prevail in neogeosynclinal zone. It is concluded from viewpoints on geology and geological structure that l)Okchon geosyncline had changed its location and affected by numerous disturbances through geologic time, and 2)mountain chains in the area such as Charyeong, Noryeong, Sobaek, and Deogyu were originated as folded mountains. Differing from others, however, Sobaek range was probably formed at the time of Songrim disturbance and modified later by Taebo orogeny. It is cut by Danyang-Jeomchon fault at the vicinity of Joryeong near Munkyeong village and does not continue to southwest beyond the fault, whereas southwestern portion of erstwhile Sobaek range continues to Taebaek rangd northeastward from Deogyusan passing through Sangju, Yecheon, and Andong. From these evidences, the writer has newly defined the erstwhile Sobaek range in such a way that Sobaek range is restricted only to northeastern portion and Deogyu range is named for the southwestern portion of previous Bobaek range.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.959-968
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• 2016

In this study, the Delphi Method was conducted to extract variables as effects of integrated education. Forty-six experts engaged in both the integrated education and research fields participated in this study. The Delphi survey was conducted for three rounds. In the first round, an open questionnaire was given asking variables possibly considered as effects of integrated education. In the second round, variables induced from analysis of the first survey results were given and the degree of agreement for each variable was determined according to the Likert scale. In the third round of the survey, mean, standard deviation, and the first and third quartile calculated using the results of the second survey were given to experts to determine their degree of assent. In addition, categories for variables were suggested. The degree of agreement for appropriateness of categorization and relative importance were determined As a result, a total of 18 variables were chosen except for career awareness. They were categorized according to their definition and properties into five categories: 'creativity' (flexible thinking, associative thinking, intuitive thinking, creative thinking), 'problem solving' (meta-cognition, problem recognition and solving, critical thinking, decision making ability, ability of knowledge application, knowledge and information processing skills), 'integrative perception and sensitivity' (concern and interest in various disciplines, understanding and acceptance of difference, integrative thinking), 'interpersonal relations' (communication skills, cooperation), and 'disciplinary literacy' (humanistic imagination, basic knowledge and literacy of each discipline, academic motivation). The degree of agreement was high in variables included in 'creativity' and 'problem solving' categories and the frequency of choosing the importance was high in variables included in 'integrative perception and sensitivity'. The educational implication related to implementation and practice of integrated education were discussed on the basis of results.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and patterns of fractures occurred in Inline skating accident. Materials and Method: We evaluated 20 patients, 20 cases(from september 2002 to August 2003) with fractures occurred during Inline skating. The incidence, sex, age, fracture site, associated injuries, causes of Inline skating injuries were analysed. The cases were male in 18(90$\%$), and female in 2(10$\%$). The most common distribution of age was in twenties and thirties. Result: The patients(12cases 60$\%$) with upper extremity fracture were more common than patients(8cases 40$\%$) with lower extremity fracture. Patients who had fracture in ankle were 35$\%$(7cases), forearm 20$\%$(4cases), wrist 20$\%$(4cases), elbow 15$\%$(3cases), thigh 5$\%$(1cases). According to the The Lauge-Hansen classification in ankle fractures there were four patients of supination-external rotation type, two patients of supination-abduction type, and 1 patient of pronation-external rotation type. In forearm and hand fractures, there were three distal radius fractures, one radio-ulnar shaft fracture, 2 scaphoid fractures, and two meta-carpal fractures. In elbow fractures, there were two supracondyle fractures, and one lateral condyle fracture. There were three epiphyseal plate injuries (Salt-Harris type II) in children, and all of them were treated by conservative method. Six fractures were intra-articular fractures. The most common associated injury was contusion(8cases 42.1$\%$). The number of patients who only rode Inline skating less than 3months(8cases 40$\%$) was the greatest. The number of non-contact injury(14cases, 70$\%$) in Inline skating was more than contact(6cases,30$\%$) injury. 11cases(55$\%$) had operative treatment, and 9cases(45$\%$) had conservative treatment, and there was not any complication. The more detailed study is required since the materials were only limited to fracture patients, and the follow up period was short. Conclusion: The most common age for fracture in Inline skating was in twenties, and thirties, and ankle was the most common fracture site.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2009

We performed petrological, geochemical, and geochronological study for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss intruding the Paleoproterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks (pyeonghae formation and Wonnam formation) of the Pyeonghae area located in northeastem part of the Yeongnam (Sobaeksan) massif. The Pyeonghae granite gneiss generally has higher abundance of mafic minerals (biotite etc.), and posesses higher ${Fe_2}{O_3}^t$, MgO, CaO, $TiO_2$, $P_{2}O_{5}$ contents but lower $SiO_2$ and $K_{2}O$ contents than the Hada leuco-granite gneiss which tends to have slightly high $Al_{2}O_{3}$ and $Na_{2}O$ contents and slightly high larger negative Eu anomalies. However both gneisses reveal very similar REE concentrations and chondrite-normalized patterns and apparently show differentiation trend affected by crystallization of biotite, plagioclase, apatite and sphene. Their peraluminous and calc-alkaline chemistry suggests tectonic environment of volcanic arc. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age determinations yield upper intercept ages of $1990{\pm}23\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1939{\pm}41\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$), and weighted mean $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$ ages of $1982{\pm}6.3\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) and $1959{\pm}28\;Ma$ ($2{\sigma}$) for the Pyeonghae granite gneiss and the Hada leuco-granite gneiss respectively, showing overlapping ages within the error. Our study suggests that the Precambrian granitoids in this area intruded contemporaneously with the Buncheon granite gneissin volcanic arc environment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1251-1258
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• 2011

Multiparous Hanwoo cull cows have been generally regarded to have poor meat quality compared to young and primiparous Hanwoo in Korea, and there have been few studies attempting to understand various feeding programs for the multiparous Hanwoo cull cow. In this study, the effects of a feeding program consisting of two different diets for multiparous Hanwoo cull cows on meat production and quality were tested in comparison to a commercially used diet. Diets for treatment consisted of two levels of crude protein contents, 14.28% and 12.70% for early fattening and finishing, respectively. For a control, commercially used fattening feed (12.39% crude protein) was used. Feeding trials were performed at three different farms. In farm A, 29 herds of multiparous Hanwoo cull cows were used for the treatment group and 3 herds for the control. In farms B and C, the number of animal herds for treatment and control were 8 vs. 3 and 11 vs. 4 herds, respectively. Experiment diets were fed for an average of 211 days and in treatment, early fattening diet was fed for 4 months and then finishing feed was fed until slaughter. Average daily gains, thickness of back fat, area of Longissimus dorsi, carcass weight, index of carcass weight, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were analyzed after slaughter. Random effect model [8] was employed in effect analysis. Positive effects of treatment were found in terms of average daily gain, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area, carcass weight, and intramuscular fat. Carcass yield index, meat color and texture showed a negative effect. In this study, significant results were not found in all factors analyzed because the variance between experiment farms was large, however the 90% confidence interval of summary effects of ADG, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area and carcass weight were significant and that of carcass yield index, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were less so. Conclusively, a high protein diet fed early during the fattening period in multiparous Hanwoo cull cows could have positive effects on meat production.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2019

Purpose: Intravitreal aflibercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone are the most widely used drugs in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and dexamethasone for the treatment of DME. Methods: There were nine previous systematic reviews on this topic; we updated these high-quality reviews. Seven studies were added to two studies following a literature search. Efficacy outcomes were 1) average improvement in visual acuity, 2) proportion of patients who experienced an improvement in vision (an increase in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of ${\geq}15$ in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]), and 3) proportion of patients who experienced worsening vision (a decrease in BCVA of ${\geq}15$ in the ETDRS). Safety outcomes included systemic adverse events and ocular-related adverse events. Results: The mean difference in the BCVA for ranibizumab versus bevacizumab treatment was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.02, 0.34), and that for ranibizumab versus aflibercept was -0.08 (95% CI: -0.26, 0.10). The mean difference in the change of BCVA for aflibercept versus ranibizumab was -0.20 (95% CI: -0.40, -0.01), and that for aflibercept versus bevacizumab was -0.34 (95% CI: -0.53, -0.14). Other efficacy outcomes showed similar trends, and there was no significant difference between treatments. There was also no significant difference in both systemic and ocular adverse events rates between the treatments. Conclusions: In DME patients, the efficacy of aflibercept was found to be higher with respect to BCVA changes compared with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. However, there were no significant difference in terms of visual acuity improvement or visual acuity of more than 15 letters, nor in terms of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (as a safety outcome).

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.705-723
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• 2018

In this study we review the selected articles on elderly health and medical care published in the Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society (JKGS) in the last 40 years, and make suggestions for future research directions for gerontological health and medical care issues. Of all the 40 year publications from volume 1 (1980) to 38 (2017), we first examined the 30th anniversary review on the subject of gerontological nursing care and healthcare policies published in JKGS from 1980 (vol. 1, No. 1) to 2008 (vol. 28, No. 2), and reviewed recent 237 researches of this decade (out of all 655 articles from 2008, vol. 28, No. 3 to 2017, vol. 38, No. 4). We could find the following trends. Firstly, the analysis of the primary authors in the past 10 years revealed that those in public health, nursing and other health-related including physical education areas have dealt the subjects focusing on physical health while those in social welfare mostly on mental health. That is, physical health has been the prime subject of researches in the health and medical care area. Secondly, in the same period quantitative researches were accounted for 89.9%, which is similar to the trend of the first 30 years 81.5 %. On the other hand, qualitative studies were only 11 cases and the focus group interview were the most frequently used method comprising 33.3% among them. Thirdly, the non-experimental researches in the past 10 years comprise 65.4%, which was 82.7% in 1980 2008 period, indicating the increasing trend in experimental researches to deal with the issues in medical and healthcare fields. Lastly, the subjects of the researches were mostly the elders who are healthy, residents of city areas, or home dwellers, and 60% of them were over 65 years old in the past 10 years while the proportion was 42.7% in the previous review period. 81.6 % of the researches in the past 10 years was dealing both genders, slightly decreased trend compared to 88.5% of the previous review period. This study reveals that the researches in non-experimental physical health remains the main stream of JKGS despite the efforts by some researchers to diversify the methods and subjects. Systematic and in-depth researches employing multidisciplinary, qualitative, longitudinal and meta-analytical approaches are called for to guide the gerontolgical health issues with preventive and proactive perspectives.