• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.409-411
• /
• 2011

In Korea, pulmonary surfactant (PS) replacement therapy in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was started in 1991 since when Surfacten$^{(R)}$ was imported from Japan. At the present time, Surfacten$^{(R)}$, Newfactan$^{(R)}$, Curosurf$^{(R)}$, and Infasurf$^{(R)}$ are available in Korea. The governmental health insurance covers the expense for multiple dose treatment since 2002 and the early prophylactic treatment (BW: <1,250 g or GP: <30 wks) since 2011. We undertook a multi-institutional collective study to evaluate the outcomes of PS over past 20 years in Korea (Period-I; 1990/91, P-II; 1996, P-III; 2002, and P-IV; 2007, P-V; 2010). There were 60 RDS neonates with PS treatment in P-I (16 hospitals), 1,179 in P-II (64), 1,595 in P-III (62), 1,921 in P-IV (57), and 3,160 in P-V (72). Decreased mortality rate, defined as the percentage of neonates who died within 28 days of birth, was seen between periods, P-V vs P-I, II, III, and IV (mortality rate: 10.1% vs. 40.0%, 30.0%, 18.7%, and 14.3%). We conclude that PS therapy contributed to improve remarkable outcome in RDS neonates over the last 20 years in Korea. However, more efforts should be made to optimize PS therapy for better outcome. Multiple PS doses for relapse and poor response, early prophylactic use, and better supportive care for pre-term infants are mandatory.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.299-304
• /
• 1998

From 1993 to 1996, 1,500 cases of foodborne disease was reported annually in Korea. Salmonellosis were 55.1% of the reported bacterial fordborne disease cases. However, in general, it is estimated that the reported incidence of salmonellosis represents less than the real incidence. This study showed that salmonellosis estimates 177,000 cases (about 150 times of reported cases) costing 5.9 billion won in Korea. Only medical costs and productivity losses were included in the estimate of costs of the 177,000 cases estimated to occur in 1996. This estimates were considerably difference to U.S.A. in cases and costs, but not significantly difference in cases/population (%), expense/GDP (%). Understanding the social economic costs of foodborne disease will be endorsed risk assessment as a necessary method for evaluation and improving food safety regulatory programs in Korea.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2018

Opto-acoustic systems provide structural and functional information regarding biological tissues. Conventional opto-acoustic systems typically employ continuous or pulsed lasers as transmission sources. Compared to lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are cost-effective and relatively portable excitation sources but are non, coherent. Therefore, in this study, a relatively low cost lens - a type of Ramsden eyepiece - was specially designed to theoretically calculate the illumination and achieve a constant brightness across the pupil of an eye. In order to verify the capability of the developed light-emitting diode-acoustic (LEDA) systems, we carried out experiments on bovine and bigeye tuna eyeball samples, which are of similar size to the human eye, using low frequency (10 MHz) and high frequency (25 MHz) ultrasound transducers. High frequency ultrasound transducers are able to provide higher spatial resolution compared to low frequency ultrasound transducers at the expense of penetration depth. Using the 10 MHz and 25 MHz ultrasound transducers, acceptable echo signals (3.82, 3.94, and 5.84 mV at 10 MHz and 282, 1557, 2356 mV at 25 MHz) from depth greater than 3 cm and 6 cm from the anterior surface of the eye were obtained. We thereby confirmed that the LEDA system using a pulsed LED with the designed Ramsden eyepiece lens, used in conjunction with low and high frequency ultrasound transducers, has the potential to be a cost-effective alternative method, while providing adequate acoustic signals from bovine and bigeye tuna ocular areas.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 2012

Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin sodium is used to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with valvular heart disease, prosthetic heart valve, recurrent myocardiac infarction, etc. To keep anticoagulation state and minimize bleeding risk, patients with high risk of thromboembolism have been usually hospitalized for heparinization before oral surgery like extraction. However, this protocol requires time and high expense because of the long period of hospitalization and this is why low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy is receiving attention in medical field as well as dentistry. LMWH has several advantages over unfractionated heparin (UFH) including predictable anticoagulant response which makes coagulation monitoring unnecessary in most patients and longer half-life than heparin which enables the patients to give themselves a subcutaneous injection once or twice daily. These advantages of LMWH make patients get oral surgery on an outpatient basis so that they can save time and cost. This case report introduces the use of LMWH in dental surgery and suggests proper use of LMWH. Though LMWH bridging therapy is widely used most of the previous studies are observational studies. Therefore randomized controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LMWH bridging therapy.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.107-115
• /
• 2011

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with mortality and may lead to increased medical expense. A modified criteria (pediatric RIFLE [pRIFLE]: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease) has been proposed to standardize the definition of AKI. The common causes of AKI are renal ischemia, nephrotoxic medications, and sepsis. A majority of critically ill children develop AKI by the pRIFLE criteria and need to receive intensive care early in the course of AKI. Factors influencing patient survival (pediatric intensive care unit discharge) are known to be low blood pressure at the onset of renal replacement therapy (RRT), the use of vasoactive pressors during RRT, and the degrees of fluid overload at the initiation of RRT. Early intervention of continuous RRT (CRRT) has been introduced to reduce mortality and fluid overload that affects poor prognosis in patients with AKI. Here, we briefly review the practical prescription of pediatric CRRT and literatures on the outcomes of patients with AKI receiving CRRT and associations among AKI, fluid overload, and CRRT. In conclusion, we suggest that an increased emphasis should be placed on the early initiation of CRRT and fluid overload in the management of pediatric AKI.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.3 no.6
• /
• pp.555-565
• /
• 2019

Development of a biomarker for predicting tumor-treatment efficacy is a matter of great concern, to reduce time, medical expense, and effort in oncology therapy. In a preclinical study, we hypothesized that the blood-flow parameter based on laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) could be a potential indicator to estimate the efficacy of breast-cancer treatment. To verify this hypothesis, a 13762-MAT-B-III rat breast tumor was grown in a dorsal skinfold window chamber applied to a nude mouse, and the change in blood flow rate (BFR) - or the speckle flow index (SFI) is used together as the same meaning in this manuscript - was longitudinally monitored during tumor growth and metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment. Based on the daily LSF angiogram, several BFR parameters (baseline SFI, normalized SFI, and △rBFR) were compared to tumor size in the normal, treated, and untreated tumor groups. Despite the incomplete tumor treatment, we found that the daily changes in all BFR parameters tended to have partially positive correlation with tumor size. Moreover, we observed that the changes in baseline SFI and normalized SFI responded one day earlier than the tumor shrinkage during chemotherapy. However, daily variations in the hypercapnia-induced △rBFR lagged tumor shrinkage by one day. This study would contribute not only to evaluating tumor vascular response to treatment, but also to monitoring blood-flow-mediated diseases (in brain, skin, and retina) by using LSF in preclinical settings.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.451-459
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate oral health behavior, PHP index and OHIP, awareness, attitude and behavior toward oral health in the foreign factory workers. Thsi study will provide the basic data for the improvement of the foreigners' quality of life. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 126 Sri Lankans and 76 Chinese over 20 years old in Daegu and Gyeongbuk from January to April, 2012 through man to man interview after receiving informed consent. The questionnaire included oral health status, PHP index and OHIP. Results: OHIP was closely related to sex, marital status, and medical expense burden. PHP index was closely related to religion and income. The averages of OHP and PHP were 4.36 and 3.7, respectively and very bad. OHIP was influenced by number of toothbrushing, time of toothbrushing, use of oral hygiene device, and dental visit within a year. PHP index was influenced by the area of toothbrushing, time of toothbrushing, and the dental visit within a year. Regression analysis of PHP index according to OHIP and oral care conditions showed the equation. Y(OHIP)=2.999+0.103(area of toothbrushing)+0.346(the use of oral hygiene article)+ 0.077(visiting to the dentist during the past one year)-0.173(PHP index)(p<0.05). Conclusions: Low PHP index in the foreign workers affected quality of life. So the company must provide the continuing oral health care for the foreign workers every year. The concern for the health care for the foreigners will improve oral health behavior in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2013

The cytology of sputum specimens, at a medical facility in Korea, is using the liquid-based cytology and conventional smear method. It confirms the diagnosis using conventional smear methods and the liquid-based cytology. In addition, the diagnosis uses two kinds of each method, compares the suitability, sensitivity and specificity for each test and tries to understand the efficient method needed. It divided sputum specimens in half and liquid-based cytology. A conventional smear method was conducted and the Papanicolaou's staining was conducted using Autostainer. Diagnosed each slide of staining produced smear slides specimens by using an optical microscope. The result of the liquid-based cytology and conventional smear method was that the liquid-based cytology was of a higher-grade than the conventional smear method. It was 36.8%, and 62.8% in the same condition. But only one case was of a lower grade. Liquid-based cytology showed 86.2% of adequacy, 31.0% of sensitivity and 97.5% of specificity. The conventional smear method showed 54.4% of adequacy, 19.6% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity. If it was conducted with two methods at the same time, the results would be similar to the liquid-based cytology. In conclusion, liquid-based cytology has a more superior adequacy and sensitivity than the conventional smear method. The combination of the two methods is similar to the result of only conducting a liquid-based cytology. Conducting a liquid-based cytology rather than the combination of the two ways of sputum cytoscopy, is to be considered as an efficient method to achieve diagnostic accuracy, reduce labor of clinical technologist and pathologist, and to reduce the expense of patients.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.732-742
• /
• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behaviors between non-low income and low income elderly women in the urban setting. Method: The subjects of this study consisted of 668 Korean elderly women over 65years. The data was analyzed by the SAS(ver.8.02) computer program, and it included descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2-test$, analysis of covariance, pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression. Results: 1) The non-low income elderly women had significantly higher scores(self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behavior) than the low income elderly women. 2) In low income elderly women, age, number of children were the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, burden of medical expense were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. In non-low income elderly women, number of children was the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, level of pocket money were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. Conclusion: This study showed that the establishment of a health care system for elderly according to their social-economic level is very important for providing productive care apposite to the situation of elderly.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 1991

In Korea, small-scale reclaimed areas have been suffering from many problems because of the lack of comprehensive developing strategy although considerable investments have been inputed by the public sector since 1970's. For 3 reclaimed sites in Chonnam Province chosen as case study areas, the analysis, the third attempt of widely-spanned studies on areal conditions, concentrated on their living conditions. Its results were as follows : 1. Although rural residents have increased their concern on health and medical services, the public sector can only serve basic and emergent level of them, and therefore, the private sector, which is mostly placed in urban areas and costed much higher than public one, has the dominant share of those services. So, because those costs are a great expense to rural residents, their supplying system should be planned with special reference to lightening the economic burden of them. 2. By the development of locally fitted programs and innovative systems, the rural education should be qualitatively improved to deal successfully with its small scale. That will result in increasing the schooling rate to schools in rural communities, lightening the economic burden of rural residents on education services and finally activating them to contribute the betterment of rural education. 3. Servicing level of water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal in the reclaimed areas has been remaining at the lower order even in other rural areas. In the design of rural water supply, average daily consumption per capita should be changed according to the composition rate of fishing households and variety of the source of water supply. 4. Most of rural residents in the reclaimed areas want to establish the welfare facilites for the infant, youth, aged and public bath However in the long-term basis, the cooperative production and processing facilities should be considered for modernized efficient farming.