Current Optics and Photonics

Optical Society of Korea (한국광학회)
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A Cost-effective Light Emitting Diode-acoustic System for Preclinical Ocular Applications

  • Choi, Hojong (Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering) ;
  • Ryu, Jaemyung (Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Department of Optical System Engineering) ;
  • Yeom, Jung-Yeol (Korea University, School of Biomedical Engineering)
  • Received : 2017.08.14
  • Accepted : 2017.12.11
  • Published : 2018.02.25
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Abstract

Opto-acoustic systems provide structural and functional information regarding biological tissues. Conventional opto-acoustic systems typically employ continuous or pulsed lasers as transmission sources. Compared to lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are cost-effective and relatively portable excitation sources but are non, coherent. Therefore, in this study, a relatively low cost lens - a type of Ramsden eyepiece - was specially designed to theoretically calculate the illumination and achieve a constant brightness across the pupil of an eye. In order to verify the capability of the developed light-emitting diode-acoustic (LEDA) systems, we carried out experiments on bovine and bigeye tuna eyeball samples, which are of similar size to the human eye, using low frequency (10 MHz) and high frequency (25 MHz) ultrasound transducers. High frequency ultrasound transducers are able to provide higher spatial resolution compared to low frequency ultrasound transducers at the expense of penetration depth. Using the 10 MHz and 25 MHz ultrasound transducers, acceptable echo signals (3.82, 3.94, and 5.84 mV at 10 MHz and 282, 1557, 2356 mV at 25 MHz) from depth greater than 3 cm and 6 cm from the anterior surface of the eye were obtained. We thereby confirmed that the LEDA system using a pulsed LED with the designed Ramsden eyepiece lens, used in conjunction with low and high frequency ultrasound transducers, has the potential to be a cost-effective alternative method, while providing adequate acoustic signals from bovine and bigeye tuna ocular areas.

Keywords

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FIG. 1. Optical layout of the Ramsden eyepiece designed for our research.

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FIG. 2. Paraxial layout of the custom designed Ramsden eyepiece. The dash line and dash-dot line represent the axial ray and chief ray passing through the center of the pupil, respectively. The paraxial angle of the ray is ndicated by u and the height of the ray from each surface is indicated by h.The subscript of the u and h represents the number of the surface. The distance between the surfaces and the refracting power are represented by d and k, respectively. The upper bar of the paraxial angle of the ray corresponds to the chief ray.

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FIG. 3. Design parameters of the developed optical lens.

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FIG. 4. Spot diagram of the designed optical lens. “DEFOCUSING” represents the spot variation when the image plane moves back and forth. “FIELD POSITION” represents the spot variation with respect to variances of the arrival point.

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FIG. 5. 3D optical layout of the developed optical lens with high power LED sources.

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FIG. 6. Illuminance distribution on the sample. (a) λpeak = 628 nm (b) λpeak = 524 nm and (c) λpeak = 460 nm.

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FIG. 7. Illuminance profile on the sample. (a) λpeak = 628 nm (b) λpeak = 524 nm and (c) λpeak = 460 nm.

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FIG. 8. Illumination profiles due to assembly errors. “defocus” indicates that the LED moves toward the optical axis, “decenter” indicates that the LED moves vertically toward the optical axis, “sample shift” indicates that the sample moves to the optical axis, ‘+’ indicates that the LED and lens move in the opposite direction, ‘-’ indicates that the LED moves toward the sample. The upper and lower graphs show expanded profiles of the center plot.

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FIG. 9. (a) Diagram depicting the experimental setup for acquiring pulse-echo response using the developed LEDA system and (b) picture of the water bath with blue LED and bovine eye.

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FIG. 10. The echo responses of the developed LEDA system with bovine eye in the time and frequency domain. (a) Echo amplitude and (b) its spectrum when using red LED light, (c) echo amplitude and (d) its spectrum when using green LED light, (e) echo amplitude and (f) its spectrum when using blue LED light.

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FIG. 11. (a) Diagram illustrating the experimental setup of the pulse-echo response using the developed LEDA system and (b) picture of the measurement setup with a red LED and a bigeye tuna eye.

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FIG. 12. The echo responses of the developed system with bigeye tuna eye in the time and frequency domain. (a) Echo amplitude and (b) its spectrum when using red light, (c) echo amplitude and (d) its spectrum when using green light, (e) echo amplitude and (f) its spectrum when using blue light, respectively.

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