• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.216-231
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• 2007

Background : An acceleration or deceleration of the heart rate (HR), which reflects autonomic effects, is observed before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The purpose of this study was to assess the discrepancy in the autonomic interactions before the onset of PAF for different patterns of change in the HR. Materials and Methods : From 105 Holter tapes with the PAF recorded, 55 episodes (42 patients, 34 men, $58{\pm}12$ years) of PAF (>5 min), preceded by a sinus rhythm for more than 1 hour, were selected and submitted to time-domain and frequency-domain HR variability analyses. Fifty-five episodes were divided into 2 groups: group A PAF (n=30) with acceleration of the HR during the last 2 minutes before the PAF and group B (n=25) with deceleration of the HR. Results : A significant linear decrease in the mean R-R interval was observed in group A ($924{\pm}30$ to $835{\pm}28ms$, $P$=0.001) and an increase from $831{\pm}32$ to $866{\pm}31ms$ in group B PAF episodes ($P$=0.046). In the frequency-domain analyses, the LF/HF ratio exhibited a progressive linear increase before the PAF in group A ($P$=0.005). The HF normalized units (HFnu) and natural logarithm-transformed HF ($In$HF) values decreased from $30.8{\pm}4.0$ to $16.1{\pm}1.8$ ($P$=0.003) and $4.49{\pm}0.25$ to $4.07{\pm}0.22$ ($P$=0.001), respectively. Contrary to the results in group A, a significant increase in the HF components (HFnu and $In$HF) (from $22.6{\pm}3.2$ to $30.2{\pm}4.0$, $P$=0.005, and $4.27{\pm}0.27$ to 4.75 0.33, $P$=0.001, respectively) and a resultant decrease in the LF/HF ratio were observed in group B PAF episodes. No significant changes were observed in the LF components in either PAF group. Conclusion : Autonomic stimuli leading to an acceleration or deceleration of the HR before the onset of AF are due to parasympathetic modulation. Parasympathetic modulation plays a key role in the initiation of PAF.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.201-205
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• 2003

Purpose : Authors experienced cases of chronic ACL tear with spur-like lesion on the tibial condyle which is different from the lateral capsular sign and degenerative change and evaluated the significance of 'spur-like lesion' in relations with chronic ACL injury. Material and Method : We have 5 patients with spur-like lesion on the lateral tibial condyle in simple radiogram. The location, shape and size of the lesion were studied using radiogram and MRI. Cause of injury, associated injury and chronicity of the ACL tear were analyzed. All 5 patients were male, and mean age was 33.8 $(17\~46)$ years. Result : The spur-like lesion was located from 3.8 mm(avg.) below the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle to the apex of the fibular head and protruded laterally or inferolaterally from just posterior to the Gerdy's tubercle with a round or sharp-end triangular shape. Average length was 6 mm and average width ortho base was 9.2 mm. The cause of injury were sports jnjury 4 cases and traffic accident in one. The chronicity of the ACL tear was average 10.7(8 months$\~$23 years) years and medial meniscus tear was shown in all cases and lateral meniscus tear in three. Conclusion : We suggest that a patient who has a history of trauma with spur-like lesion on the lateral tibial condyle of the knee is expected to have chronic ACL tear.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.225-239
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• 1996

This study was carried out as a part of the semi-longitudinal study on growth and development of Korean children, with purpose of observing the growth change in arch form., 736 pairs, of study models were taken for 3 years. Mesio-distal diameter of each tooth, intercanine width, intermolar width, canine arch depth, molar arch depth and arch perimeters were measured. Afterwards, mean value and each standard deviation of each age group and each gender were obtained, and corresponding graphs were drawn. The following conclusions were obtained : 1. Mesio-distal diameters of maxillary central incisor, maxillary 2nd molar, mandibular canine, and mandibular 2nd molar showed statistical difierences between boys and girls. 2. Intercanine width shows a gradual increase until age of 11. 3. Intermolar width in maxilla shows continuous increase, and the tendency of increase is more apparent between age of 9 and 14. In mandible, various pattern was shown until age of 9, and after, a slight increase. 4. Canine arch depth shows the increasing tendency until age of 13 in maxilla and 11 in mandible. 5. Molar arch depth shows the pattern of increase until age of 10 in male and 9 in female, which is more apparent in maxilla. After age of 9 or 10,dereasing pattrn was significantly shown until age of 15 in maxilla and age of 12 in mandible. 6. Arch perimeters in maxilla and mandible showed gradual increase until age of 10, and the tendency of increase was more apparent in maxilla; however, between the age of 10 and 14, arch perimeters of maxilla and mandible showed gradual decrease which was more apparent in mandible.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.7
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• pp.198-231
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• 1994

Up to now, after I had examined the relation between the origin of Fung(風) and Gi(氣) and the mean of Fung in medical science, I obtained the conclusion being as follows. The first, Fung(風) means a flux of Gi(氣) and Gi shows the process by virtue of the form of Fung, namely, Fung means motion of Gi. In other words, it is flow of power. Accordingly, the process of all power can give a name Fung. The second, Samul(事物) ceaselessly interchange with the external world to sustain the existence and life of themselves. And they make a adequate confrontation against the pressure of the outside. This the motive power of life action(生命活動) is Gi and shows its the process on the strength of Fung. The third, Samul(事物) incessantly releases power which it has to the outside. Power released to the outside forms the territory of the established power in the environment of them and keep up their substance(實體) in the space time(時空). It can be name Fung because the field(場) of this power incessantly flows. The fourth, man operates life on the ground of the creation of his own vigor(生氣) for himself as the life body(生命體) of the independence and self-support. The occurence of this vigor and the adjustment process(調節作用) is supervised by Gan(肝). That is to say, Gan plays a role to regulate and manage the process of Fung or the action of vigor with Fung-Zang(風臟). The fifth, because the Gi-Gi adjustment process(氣機調節作用) of Gan is the same as the process of Fung, Fung that operates the cause of a disease is attributed to the disharmony of the process of the human body Gi-Gi. Therefore, the generating pathological change is attributed to the extraordinary of the function by the incongruity of Gi-Gi(氣機) or the disorder of the direct motion of Gi-Hyul(氣血). Because the incongruity of this Gi-Gi of the human body gives rise to the abnormal of Zung-Gi(正氣) in the human body properly cannot cope with the invasion of 'Oi-Sa(外邪). Furthermore, Fung serves as the mediation body of the invasion of other Sa-Gi(邪氣) because of its dynamics, By virtue of this reason, Fung is named the head of all disease. And because the incongruity of the Gi-Gi has each other form according to Zang-Bu(臟腑), Kyung-Lak(經絡), and a region, the symptoms of a disease appear differently in line with them as well. The sixth, Fung-byung(風病) is approximately separated Zung-Fung(中風) and Fung-byung(猍義의 風病). Zung-fung and Fung-byung is to be attributed to the major invasion of each Jung-gi and Fung-sa(正氣와 風邪). But these two kinds stir up the problem to the direct motion of Gi-hyul(氣血) and the harmony of Gi-Gi in the human body. When one cures it, therefore, Zung-fung has to rectify Gi-Gi and the circulation of Gi-hyul on the basis of the supplement of Jung-gi(正氣) and Fung-byung must make the harmony of Gi-Gi with the Gu-fung(驅風). -Go-gi(調氣), Sun-Gi(順氣). Hang-Gi(行氣) - All existing living things as well as man maintain life on the ground of the pertinent harmony between the soul(精神) and the body(肉體). As soon as the harmony falls down, simultaneously life disappears as well. And Fung which means the outside process between Gi(氣) and Gi(氣) makes the action of their life cooperative and unified, Accordingy, the understanding of Fung, first, has to start wi th the whole thought that not only all Samul(事物) but also the soul and the body are one.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2016

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to document the dietary behaviors, dietary changes, and health status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea. Methods: The survey included 92 female immigrants attending Korean language class at a multi-cultural family support center. General characteristics, health status, anthropometric data, dietary behaviors, and dietary changes were collected. Results: Mean age of subjects was 31.3 years, and home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.0%), China (26.0%), Philippines (12.0%), and others (12.0%). Frequently reported chronic diseases were digestive diseases (13.2%), anemia (12.1%), and neuropsychiatry disorder (8.9%). Seventeen percent of the subjects was obese ($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$). Dietary score by Mini Dietary Assessment was 3.45 out of 5 points. Dietary scores for dairy foods, meat/fish/egg/bean intake, meal regularity, and food variety were low, and those for fried foods and high fat meat intake were also low. Thirty-three percent of subjects answered that they have changed their diet and increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables after immigration. Length of residence in Korea was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Length of residence tends to be positively associated with dietary changes and obesity as well as inversely associated with disease prevalence. Conclusion: The study shows that length of residence is inversely related to disease prevalence. However, this association is thought to be due to the relatively short period of residence in Korea and thus the transitional phase to adapting to dietary practices. As the length of residence increases, disease patterns related to obesity are subject to change. Healthy dietary behaviors and adaptation to dietary practices in Korea in female marriage immigrants will not only benefit individuals but also their families and social structure. Therefore, varied, long-term, and target-specific studies on female marriage immigrants are highly needed.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.55-69
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to perform a clinical test using ez NANOsence II RGP contact lenses for the effects of visual acuity and cornea on subjects with abnormal refraction status. One hundred twenty one adults (twenty nine males, ninety two females, range = 17 to 43, mean = 22.86) were recorded. The subject's history including, the symptoms from previous lens wear, were studied. The subjects were observed, both pre and post lens wear, for any symptoms and signs of change of the eye. The Visual acuity and the binocular status were tested at the far distance using the contact lens. The refraction test was performed on the naked eye using the objective method (Topcon KR-8100, Japan). The Stereopsis test was performed at the near distance after contact lens wear by the Titmus fly (Stereo Optical Co., U.S.A) and TNO (TECH, The netherlands). The contrast sensitivity diagnosis was performed at 1m distance after contact lens wear by the contrast sensitivity chart (pelli-Robertson, USA). The corneal topography was analyzed on the naked eye after lens wear by ORB scan (Bausch Lomb, U.S.A.). The ultra structure of surface on the contact lens was observed using SEM (JMS-5800, Japan). The chemical component's of the contact lens was analyzed by EDS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The longer of contact lens wear period, The subjects have acquired the most improved visual function. 2. Subjects had experienced few side effects wearing the contact lenses. 3. The lenses were easy to use by the subjects. 4. The longer of contact lens wear period, the power of cornea had more decrease. but the base curve of cornea had more increase and corneal astigmatism was decrease (p<0.01). Also, the thickness of corneal center was few decrease. 5. Longer periods of using the contact lens showed stereopsis and contrast sensitivity at more normal values. 6 The corneal topographical after lens wear showed most subjects with similar morphology for different wear periods. 7. The surface ultrastructure of the new and used contact lens was the similar fine shape. 8. The chemical component's of in the new and used contact appeared to have similar results. In conclusion, this study showed that the surface ultrastructure and chemical component's of the new and used contact lens are similar. In addition, the subjects had improved the quality of vision and few experienced any side effects during long periods of contact lens wear. Also they have decrease of corneal astigmatism during the long period of lens wear. Our test has showed that the chemical composition and fine structure of contact lens have related to the visual function on contact lens wearer. In this paper, we suggested that ez NANOsence II RGP contact lenses had a moderate effect for correcting vision of abnormal refraction eye.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1389-1396
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was done to analyze the changes in the clinical conditions and the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Methods : We report a retrospective clinical analysis of 39 patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis from Jan. 1992 to Aug. 2001. The age and sex distribution, family and birth history, clinical symptoms, the ultrasonographic and the operative sizes of pyloric canals were compared. Results : The body weight was below the 3 percentile at admission in eight cases(20.5%). "Olive like mass" in right upper quadrant was palpated during physical examination in 23 cases(59%) and gastric peristaltic wave observed in six cases(15%). The ultrasonographic measurements showed that the pyloric muscle thickness to be $4.95{\pm}0.99mm$($mean{\pm}SD$), pyloric diameter $14.42{\pm}2.64mm$, and pyloric length $20.17{\pm}3.92mm$. Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy was employed in all cases. The operative measurements of the pyloric muscle thickness was $5.11{\pm}1.01mm$, pyloric diameter $15.01{\pm}2.47mm$, and pyloric length $22.32{\pm}3.43mm$. Conclusion : There was no significant difference between the ultrasonographic and operative measurements. Currently, the hypertrophic pyloric stenosis patients showed lesser clinical hallmarks of the disease. The earlier diagnosis using imaging studies before development of significant metabolic abnormalities is becoming an important factor that change the future outcomes of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2015

Stable production of green manure crop is one of the critical factor for successful implementation of environmental-friendly agriculture in South Korea. Most green manure crops including hairy vetch cultivated in South Korea must be passed cold winter season. This study was conducted to establishment of cultivation zones on green manure crops under paddy field in South Korea using on minimum temperature and drainage class. In order to build the spatial distribution map, hairy vetch, triticale, barley, rye, and clover as green manure crop were selected and mean of daily minimum temperature and drainage class in paddy field were considered as limiting factor for stable growth of green manure crop. And cultivation zone on green manure crops was divided into two categories; 'Availability area' and 'Safety area'. Low limit temperature on green manure crops in this study was the following. Temperature on 'Availability area' was $-10^{\circ}C$, $-8^{\circ}C$, $-6^{\circ}C$, and $-20^{\circ}C$ for hairy vetch (including triticale), barley, clover, and rye respectively. And temperature on 'Safety area' was lower $-2^{\circ}C$ compared to that of 'Availability area' exception rye which was the same degree. Rye was expected to safely cultivated the almost whole paddy field (99.71%) of South Korea. 'Safety area' among the whole paddy field for hairy vetch, barley, and clover were 86.58, 53.06, and 15.76% respectively. The spatial distribution map of green manure crops reestablished in this study could be used the policy and agricultural management for environmental-friendly agriculture using green manure crops in South Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.976-981
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• 2007

Purpose : Aortic valve or aortic root (AoRo) replacement is occasionally required because of AoRo dilatation and aortic regurgitation (AR) in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We evaluated AoRo size and possible factors associated with its hemodynamic nature in patients with repaired TOF. Methods : We investigated 130 repaired TOF patients more than 15 years of age who followed-up by echocardiography from January 2002 to December 2003. Of 130 patients, we identified 17 patients with AoRo dilatation, which was defined as ratio of expected AoRo size by standard nomogram (AoRo ratio) >1.5 (dilator group), and 113 TOF controls, with AoRo ratio <1.5 (non-dilator group). Results : Mean indexed AoRo size ($mm/m^2$) in the first echo was $24{\pm}3.2$ in the dilator group and $18{\pm}3.4$ in the non-dilator group (P<0.0001). AoRo rate of change (mm/year) from the first to latest echo study was $1.6{\pm}3.8$ in dilator group and $0.05{\pm}1.6$ in the non dilator group (P=0.0021). Patients from the dilator group showed a higher prevalence of pulmonary atresia (P=0.031) and a history of aortopulmonary shunt before repair (P=0.048), moderate to severe AR (P=0.0065), and increased left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (P=0.003). Conclusions : A subset of patients late after TOF repair may show progressive dilatation of AoRo. To identify and prevent long-term sequelae in this patient group, regular follow-up and speculation about AoRo after TOF repair is recommended.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.41-55
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• 1998

An analysis of 87 stroke Patients who were enrolled in 7 hospitals in cities of Pusan, Taegu, Kumi, and Andong from January 1 to May 31, 1998 was conducted using the modified Barthel Index(BI) and the adapted PULSES profile index(PS) to evaluate their function. Patients were examined at the following intervals : Initial assessment, one month after initial, at discharge, and ore month after discharge. The mean BI score of patients initial assessment was 26.32. and that of PS was 17.34. There were statistically significant between initial score and one month after initial (16.61 : p<0.001), at discharge(33.51 : p<0,001), one month after discharge(43,56 : p<0.001). PS scores were also improved significantly(-2.1, -3. 94, and -5.52(p<0.001), and BI score between discharge and one month after discharge wag significant improvement(10.06 : p <0.001) and in PS score(-1,57 : p<0.001). Age and BI scone were significantly associated with the improved in BI score between initial and discharge (T3-T1)(p<0.05). Below age forty and the lower initial BI score showed significantly higher improvement(T3-T1) after physical therapy(p<0.05). Initial BI score, BI score at discharge, and religion were significantly associated with the improvement of BI score between initial and one month after discharge(T4-T1)(p<0.05). The lower initial BI score, the high. BI score at discharge, and the religious showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T1)(p<0.05). BI score at discharge and religion were significantly associated with the improvement of BI score between at discharge and one month after discharge(T4-T3)(p<0.05). The lower BI score at discharge, the religious showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T3)(p<0.05) Initial PS score were significantly associated with the improved in PS score between initial and discharge(T3-T1)(p<0.05). The higher initial PS score showed significantly hier improvement(T3-T1)(p<0.05). Initial PS score, Bi score at discharge, and patient's attitude for physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with the improvement of PS score between initial and one month after discharge(T4- T1)(p <0.05). The higher initial PS scorer the lower PS score at discharge, patient's positive attitude for physical therapy after discharge showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T1)(p<0.05). PS score at discharge, Patient's attitude for Physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with the improvement of PS score between discharge and one month after discharge(T4-T3)(p<0.05). The higher PS score at discharge, patient's positive attitude for physical therapy after discharge showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T3)(p<0.05). In conclusion, Initial BI score, BI score at discharge, age, and religion were significantly associated with BI score improvement. initial PS score, BI score discharge, and patient's attitude for physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with PS score improvement in stroke patients.