• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.788-792
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• 2005

The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on maze-learning ability in aged mice was investigated. Aged mice fed a diet deficient in n-3 fatty acid received a semi-purified diet of 0.5, 1 and 2% DHA-ethyl ester (DHA-EE) for 4 months. Maze-learning ability was assessed at 3 months after the start of the experiment. The time required to reach the maze exit and the number of times that a mouse strayed into blind alleys in the maze were measured in 3 trials conducted at 4-day intervals. The time was significantly less in the DHA-EE 0.5% and DHA-EE 2% groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The number of times mice strayed into blind alleys in the maze was significantly lower in the DHA-EE 2% group than in the control group (p<0.05). Mice fed DHA showed increased DHA and decreased level of arachidonic acid (AA) in the brain. These results suggest that the intake of a 2% DHA diet improves learning ability in aged mice, which is associated with a higher DHA content in the brain.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ginseng saponin from Korean red ginseng on the learning and memory. Total (50, 100 mg/kg, bw) and panaxadiol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) treated groups did not show the difference of the time score and the number of error in comparison with control group. Panaxatriol saponin (15, 30 mg/kg, bw) significantly decreased both the time score and the number of error in water maze test. These results indicate that panaxatriol saponin from Korean red ginseng may improve the learning ability of rat in water multiple T-maze.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prove that there exists a relation between the spleen and learning and memory as Oriental medicine believesTo promote the function of the Spleen, Guibitang was administered to rats in this study. Rats were 250～300g Sprague-Dawley, and were divided into three groups. One was the normal group without any pretreatment. Another was the control group which was administered normal saline and the abdominal injection of L-NAME before learning and memory test. And the 3rd was the sample group, to which was administered Guibitang extract and (no 'the') abdominal injection of L-NAME before the learning and memory test. Each group was made up of 12 rats. Morris water maze and radial arm maze tasks were performed in the learning test and Morris water maze task in the memory test. For 2 days to evaluate the ability of learning in the Morris water maze, 16 trials were carried out and first latency(lapse time to find the escape platform for the first time) was measured. The next day, to evaluate the ability of memory, the escape platform was eliminated from the maze, and total path, target entry number, first latency and memory score were measured. 48hrs before the radial arm maze task was performed, bait was deprived from each group. After learning test, bait was permitted to each group. So 85% of the body weight was maintained for 6 days of the test. Each of the eight arms was baited; correct choice numer and error were counted; each trial was finished when the rat had entered each of the eight arms, or more than 10 minutes had elapsed. The results were as follows: In the learning test, the first latency of the sample group in the Morris water maze showed evident improvement of learning compared to control group at the 11th, 12th, 13th trial of 16 trials, and correct choice number in radial arm maze showed noticeable improvement compared to the control group at 3rd, 4th and 5th; In the memory test, the memory score of the sample group showed evident improvement compared to the control group. From the above results, the administration of Guibitang, which tonifies the function of the Spleen, could enhance the ability of learning and memory. So it was suggested that the Spleen has a relation with learning and memory.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1050-1053
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate effects of Kamiguibi-tang extract on learning ability of ethanol-treated rats. The rats were divided into 3 groups; normal, control and sample group. Control group administered ethanol at a dose of 3g/kg bw.(25 v/v %), while sample group administered the Kamiguibi-tang extract(200mg/kg) 30 min. before treating same dose of ethanol as control group orally. All groups were subjected to trials of straight channel on the 1 st day and to those of multiple T-maze during the following 3 days. The time required in normal group for the straight or T-maze of the 2nd and 3rd trials was significantly shorter than that of the 1 st, while the control group showed no significance. But in the straight channel or multiple T-maze trials, the sample group showed significant decrease in the time required against the control group and also showed significant decrease in the number of selecting errors.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.303-307
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to investigate whether alcohol alters learning and memory processes pertaining to emotional and spatial factors using the active avoidance and T-maze task in zebrafish. In the active avoidance task, zebrafish were trained to escape from one compartment to another to avoid electric shocks (unconditioned stimulus) following a conditioned light signal. Acquisition of active avoidance task appeared to be normal in zebrafish that were treated with 1% alcohol for 30 min for 17 days until the end of the behavioral test, and retention ability of learned behavior, tested 2 days later, was the same as control group. In the T-maze task, the time to find a reservoir was compared. While the latency was similar during the 1 st training session between control and alcohol-treated zebrafish, it was significantly longer in alcohol-treated zebrafish during retention test 24 h later. Furthermore, when alcohol was treated 30 min after 2nd session without prior treatment, zebrafish demonstrated similar retention ability compared to control. These results suggest that chronic alcohol treatment alters spatial learning of zebrafish, but not emotional learning.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2011

Takju is a Korean alcoholic beverage made from rice, and is brewed with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exercise training and moderate Takju consumption on learning ability in 6-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats. The rats were treated with exercise and alcohol for 4 weeks in six separate groups as follows: non-exercised control (CC), exercised control (EC), non-exercised consuming ethanol (CA), exercised consuming ethanol (EA), non-exercised consuming Takju (CT), and exercised consuming Takju (ET). An AIN-93M diet was provided ad libitum. Exercise training was performed at a speed of 10 m/min for 15 minutes per day. Ethanol and Takju were administered daily for 6-7 hours to achieve an intake of about 10 ml after 12 hours of deprivation, and, thereafter, the animals were allowed free access to deionized water. A Y-shaped water maze was used from the third week to understand the effects of exercise and alcohol consumption on learning and memory. After sacrifice, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was analyzed. Total caloric intake and body weight changes during the experiment were not significantly different among the groups. AChE activity was not significantly different among the groups. The number of errors for position reversal training in the maze was significantly smaller in the EA group than that in the CA and ET groups, and latency times were shorter in the EA group than those in the CC, EC, CT, and ET groups. The latency difference from the first to the fifth day was shortest in the ET group. The exercised groups showed more errors and latency than those of the non-exercised groups on the first day, but the data became equivalent from the second day. The results indicate that moderate exercise can increase memory and learning and that the combination of exercise and Takju ingestion may enhance learning ability.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.105-113
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sunhyangjungkisan on the learning and memory ability in rats. For this purpose we have evoked cerebral dysfunction in rats with NOS inhibitor and then performed the Morris water maze task for each rat. We have found that Sunghyangjungkisan have some improving effedts on impaired learning and memort ability in the NOS inhibitor treated rat. In these improving effects, memory effect was more evident then learning effect. This result implies that Sunghyangjungkisan may be one of useful prescriptions for treatment of vascular dementia after cerebral ischemia.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.232-235
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• 2003

지구자 물 추출물이 에탄올 중독된 흰쥐의 학습능력에 미치는 영향을 실험하기 위하여 정상군(normal), 25% 에탄올 투여군(control) 및 지구자 물 추출물과 에탄올을 함께 투여한 검액투여군(sample)으로 나누어 10일간 각 약물을 투여한 후 11일째 1일 3회 직선수로 실험을 시행하고, 다음날부터 3일간 1일 3회씩 실험한 T-미로실험을 시행한 결과, normal군은 직선 수로실험과 T-미로실험에서 학습에 의하여 목표점 도달 소요시간이 유의성 있게 단축되고, control군은 기억력쇠퇴로 인하여 학습능력이 현저히 감소하나, 지구자의 물 추출물을 계속적으로 투여한 sample군의 경우 에탄올 중독으로 저하된 학습 능력에 유의성 있는 회복을 나타냈다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1998

Purpose : This study has an experiment on finding how Hyangbujapamultang advanced the learning and memory of rat to find the method to improve the failure of memory which is the symptom of dementia.Method : In the experiment, rats were divided the control group (14 rat) which medicate the excipient into the sample group (17 rat) which medicates Hyangbujapalmutang. And the learning ability test and the memorv test was practiced to using the task of radial arm maze.The learning ability test had the presupposition that, when a rat which frequents 8 tracks makes am error not exceeding one time for 3 days without a break, it passes the test.First experiment compared total days when the control group passed the test with total days when the sample group it.The memory test practiced after 24 hours when the learning ability test was over. When a rat frequents 4 tracks, the gates is cut off during 30 seconds. Here the number of error at the control group with that of the sample group.Result: In the learning ability test, the sample group needed 5.82${\pm}$0.37 days to pass the test and the control group needed 6.43${\pm}$0.67 days. In the memory test, the sample group errored 0.29${\pm}$0.37 times and the control group errored 1.86${\pm}$0.78 times.Conclusion : In the learning ability test, the sample group passed the test earlier than the control group, but any statistical correlationship couldn't be found in it. In the memory test, the sample group had the pregnant reduction of the number of error in comparison with the control group.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Gonjadaesungchimjoongbang on spatial learning abilities and memories in ischemic brain injury. Methods: Rats were separated into three groups; (1) Normal, (2) Saline medication after ischemic brain injuries (control), (3) Gonjadaesungchimjoongbang medication after ischemic brain injuries (experiment). Ischemic brain injuries was induced by MCA occlusion and reperfusion. Morris water maze test was conducted for spatial learning and memory tests. Then, the change of BDNF in the hippocampus($7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ day) was examined by immunohistoche- mistry. Results: In Morris water maze test, spatial learning abilities and memory functioning were considerably increased in the experiment group as oppose to control group on $7^{th}$ and $14^{th}$ day(p<0.01). Moreover, immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampus indicated that the more increased immune reaction was found in the experiment group as oppose to the control group on $7^{th}$ and $14^{th}$ day. Conclusions: Gonjadaesungchimjoongbang can improve the learning abilities and memories in ischemic brain injury.