• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.35-35
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• 2015

Pleurotus eryngii has recently become a major cultivated mushroom; it uses tetrapolar heterothallism as a part of its reproductive process. Sexual development progresses only when the A and B mating types are compatible. Such mating incompatibility occasionally limits the efficiency of breeding programs in which crossing within loci-shared strains or backcrossing strategies are employed. Therefore, understanding the mating system in edible mushroom fungi will help provide a short cut in the development of new strains. We isolated and identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and performed a functional analysis of the genes in the mating process by transformation. A genomic DNA library was constructed to map the entire mating-type locus. The B3 locus was found to contain four pheromone precursor genes and four receptor genes. Remarkably, receptor PESTE3.3.1 has just 34 amino acid residues in its C-terminal cytoplasmic region; therefore, it seems likely to be a receptor-like gene. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (real-time qRT-PCR) revealed that most pheromone and receptor genes showed significantly higher expression in monokaryotic cells than dikaryotic cells. The pheromone genes PEphb3.1 and PEphb3.3 and the receptor gene PESTE3.3.1 were transformed into P5 (A3B4). The transformants were mated with a tester strain (A4B4), and the progeny showed clamp connections and a normal fruiting body, which indicates the proposed role of these genes in mating and fruiting processes. This result also confirms that PESTE3.3.1 is a receptor gene. In this study, we identified pheromone and receptor genes in the B3 locus of P. eryngii and found that some of those genes appear to play a role in the mating and fruiting processes. These results might help elucidate the mechanism of fruiting differentiation and improve breeding efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.88.2-89
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• 2003

Changes of control efficacy of metalaxyl to potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans were examined in potato fields from 2001 to 2003. In 2001 and 2002, control efficacy of metalaxyl was similar to those of dimethomorph and ethaboxam. However, the control efficacy of metalaxyl were decreased to 50.3％ in 2003. Total 366 isolates of P infestans obtained from several areas in Korea from 2001 to 2003 were examined for changes of sensitivity to metalaxyl. About 6.8％ of fungal isolates examined in 2001 were sensitive, 84.1％ were intermediate resistant, 9.1％ were resistant to metalaxyl. Among the isolates collected in 2002, 3.9％ were sensitive, 75.6％ were intermediate resistant, 20.6％ were resistant to the chemical. However, among the isolates obtained in 2003, 55.9％ were intermediate resistant, 44.1％ were resistant, but none of the isolates tested were sensitive. Both A1 and A2 mating type isolate were isolated in 2002∼2003. However, all isolates collected in 2001 were A1 mating type. About 87.5％ of the isolates collected in 2002, 89.8％ In 2003 were determined as A1 mating type. The majority of the p. infestans isolates were A1 mating types. Changes of control efficacy of metalaxyl to potato late blight might be caused by the occurrence rate of moderately resistant isolates within A1 mating type.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2014

Purple-colored shell individuals were discovered among normal green-colored shell individuals in artificial seed of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, reared on an ordinary type of diatom and artificial diet. In the present study, factorial mating experiments were designed to clarify the genetic control of the variant (purple type) and normal (green type) of shell color. The parental population of purple type and green type individuals were derived from a single family between a female and male of each type of coloration. The all mating families were reared in same tank for the same breed environment. The individual of 4 type families were distinguished by paternity test using microsatellite DNA. In factorial mating experiments, all individuals offspring of GG (green type female and green type male), GP (green type female and purple type male) and PG (purple type female and green type male) mating types appeared to green type. In only PP (purple type female and purple type male) mating type, all individuals offspring appeared to purple type. The results suggested that the purple shell color is controlled by recessive purple type allele and a dominant green type allele at a single locus.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2015

The effects of monokaryotic strains on fruiting body formation of Lentinula edodes were examined through mating and cultivation of the mated dikaryotic mycelia in sawdust medium. To accomplish this, monokaryotic strains of L. edodes were isolated from basidiospores of the commercial dikaryotic strains, Chamaram (Cham) and Sanjo701 (SJ701). A total of 703 matings (538 self-matings and 165 outcrosses) were performed, which generated 133 self-mates and 84 outcross mates. The mating rate was 25% and 50% for self-mating and outcross, respectively. The bipolarity of the outcross indicated the multi-allelic nature of the mating type genes. The mating was only dependent on the A mating type locus, while the B locus showed no effect, implying that the B locus is multi-allelic. Next, 145 selected dikaryotic mates were cultivated in sawdust medium. The self-mated dikaryotic progenies showed 51.3% and 69.5% fruiting rates for Cham and SJ701, respectively, while the fruiting rate of the outcross mates was 63.2%. The dikaryotic mates generated by mating with one of the monokaryotic strains, including A20, B2, E1, and E3, showed good fruiting performance and tended to yield high fruiting body production, while many of the monokaryotic strains failed to form fruiting bodies. Overall, these findings suggest that certain monokaryotic strains have traits enabling better mating and fruiting.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 1996

The action of phospholipid on the rhodotorucine A(RH.A) acceptance by heterbasidiomyceteous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides mating type a cells and the effect of medium composition during sexual differentiation were investigated. Activation of trigger peptidase(TPase)was very sensitive to the originated phospholipid from R. toruloides and was more sensitive to phospholipid liposome made up of phospholipi. Phospholopod present on the membrance of mating type a cells consists of phospatidylglycerol(PG), phosphatidylethanolamine(PE), phospatidylcholine(PC), phospatidylinositol(PI), and phosphatidylserine(PS) of 12.9, suprisingly 45.4, 11.0, and 13.9%, respectively. As the result of using C-1 and N-1 mediums which limited C and N sources capable of inhibiting the synthesis of phospholipid, it resulted inhibiting sexual dlfferentiation and production of Rh.A from mating type Acells.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2019

Allelic differences in A and B mating-type loci are a prerequisite for the progression of mating in the genus Pleurotus eryngii; thus, the crossing is hampered by this biological barrier in inbreeding. Molecular markers linked to mating types of P. eryngii KNR2312 were investigated with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to enhance crossing efficiency. An A4-linked sequence was identified and used to find the adjacent genomic region with the entire motif of the A locus from a contig sequenced by PacBio. The sequence-characterized amplified region marker $7-2_{299}$ distinguished A4 mating-type monokaryons from KNR2312 and other strains. A BLAST search of flanked sequences revealed that the A4 locus had a general feature consisting of the putative HD1 and HD2 genes. Both putative HD transcription factors contain a homeodomain sequence and a nuclear localization sequence; however, valid dimerization motifs were found only in the HD1 protein. The ACAAT motif, which was reported to have relevance to sex determination, was found in the intergenic region. The SCAR marker could be applicable in the classification of mating types in the P. eryngii breeding program, and the A4 locus could be the basis for a multi-allele detection marker.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.276-280
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• 2001

Fusarium isolates of Gibberella fujikuroi species complex were obtained from sorghum grown in five provinces of Korea in 1996 and 1997. These isolates were characterized based on their mating behavior, mycotoxin production, and vegetative compatibility. Only three mating populations (A, D, and F) were recovered from a total of 155 isolates examined. The relative frequency of the mating populations was significantly different: F was predominant (80%), while D and A were observed at low frequencies of 9% and 3%, respectively. Female fertile isolates were more common within F (44 our of 124) than D (2 out of 14), while none of the five A isolates were female fertile. The inbreeding effective population sizes ($\textrm{N}_e$)for mating type and male/hermaphrodite ratios in mating populations A and D produced significant amounts of fumonisins, while F isolates produced none or only traces of fumonisin B$_1$. In contrast. F isolates produced higher amounts of moniliformin (average of 3,820 ppm) than A and D isolates (averages of 77 and 1,819 ppm, respectively). Fifty-one isolates were tested for vegetative compatibility using nitrogen non-utilization mutants of each isolate, and 44 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. A single VC type (VC1) was found in all of the five A isolates examined. Six of the D isolates examined consisted of three VC types: two for VC2, two for VC3, and the rest for VC4. All of the F isolates tested were incompatible in every combination and , thus, each constituted a unique VCG.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2002

Diamond-like Carbon(DLC) films were deposited on Si wafers by an RF-plasma-assisted CVD using CH$_4$gas. Tribological tests were conducted with the use of a rotating type ball on a disk friction tester with dry air. This study made use of four kinds of mating balls that were made with stainless steel but subjected to different annealing conditions in order to achieve different levels of hardness. In all load conditions, testing results demonstrated that the harder the mating materials, the lower the friction coefficient was. The friction coefficients were fecund to be lower with austenite mating balls than with fully annealed martensite balls. Conversely, the high friction coefficient found in soft martensite balls appeared to be caused by the larger contact area between the DLC film and the ball. The wear tracks on DLC films and mating balls could prove that effect. Measuring the wear track of both DLC films and mating balls revealed a similar tendency compared to the results of friction coefficients. The wear rate of austenite balls was also less than that of fully annealed martensite balls. Friction eoefficients decrease when applied leads exceed critical amount. The wear track on mating balls showed that a certain amount of material transfer occurs from the DLC film to the mating ball during a high friction process. Raman Spectra analysis Showed that the transferred materials were a kind of graphite and that the contact surface of the DLC film seemed to undergo a phase transition from carbon to graphite during the high friction process.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2017

The mushroom species Cordyceps militaris has been studied and cultivated as a medicinal mushroom due to its multiple valuable biological and pharmaceutical activities. For breeding new strains of C. militaris, multiplex PCR assays were performed using primers specific for its mating type genes, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Mating types and mating status were confirmed, as evidenced by DNA bands at 233-bp and 191-bp for MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 respectively. The novel 'Dowonhongcho 2ho' was developed through mating; they were found to possess high-quality fruiting bodies when grown in artificial media. The stromata of the new strain were club-shaped, with a bright orange-red color, and measured 7.1 cm in length. They had an average cordycepin content of 0.33%. Compared to 'Dowonhongcho,' the new strain had a 7% higher yield, as well as firm fruiting bodies. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, and the optimum temperature for stroma development was $18{\sim}22^{\circ}C$. The fruiting bodies developed after 49.1 days from inoculation. The use of mating type molecular markers improved the breeding efficiency of the new strain 'Dowonhongcho 2ho.' Thus, they may be valuable for artificial cultivation and industrial-scale production of C. militaris with excellent characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2003

Changes of control effect of metalaxyl to potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans were examined in potato fields in 2001 and 2002. Control efficacy of metalaxyl was similar to those of dimethomorph and ethaboxam. About 4.9% of the fungal isolates exanlined in 2001 were resistant, 87.8% were intermediate, and 7.3% were sensitive to metalaxyl. Among the isolates collected in 2002, 20.1 % were resistant, 75.5% were intermediate, and 4.3% were sensitive to the chemical. However, most of resistant isolates were isolated from Pyongchanggun Hoenggae area. Eighty eight isolates collected in 2001 were all A1 mating type, while both A1 and A2 mating types were found in 2002. About 85.6% of the isolates collected in 2002 were A1 mating type, but all the rest (A2 mating type) was isolated from Hoenggae area. Increased control efficacy of metalaxyl to potato late blight might be caused by the increase of moderately resistant and sensitive isolates with decreasing the resistant isolate, and the decreased population of A2 mating type which is resistant to metalaxyl.