• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) status of breastfed infants less than six months old and their mothers, and factors affecting the status. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on breastfed, term, Filipino infants less than six months old who were seen at local health centers and clinics in an urban area. The serum 25(OH)D levels of these infants and their mothers were determined, and their demographic data, nutritional status, sun exposure behavior, and maternal vitamin D intake were analyzed for correlation using regression models. Results: Among the 131 infants, 101 (77%) had vitamin D deficiency (VDD), which was defined as having 25(OH)D levels <37.5 nmol/L, and 13 (10%) had vitamin D insufficiency (VDI), with levels >37.5-50 nmol/L. Conversely, maternal VDD with levels <50 nmol/L was seen in 31 (24%) mothers and maternal VDI with levels 50-75 nmol/L, in 63 (48%) mothers. Infant age and maternal 25(OH)D status were independent predictors of infant VDD. Infants less than three months old were found to have a six-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.004). Infants who had mothers with VDD had a six-time increased risk, whereas those with maternal VDI had a four-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.049 and p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion: Both infant and maternal VDD and VDI were seen to be highly prevalent in this tropical, urban community. Young infants and maternal VDD/VDI independently increased the risk of infant VDD, whereas lack of sun exposure of the mothers increased the risk for maternal VDI.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.443-466
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• 1996

Young children need continuous care and fostering by their family. They help children organize and develop their potential and grow to be and integrated individuals. Children are influenced by then family at first and continuously when they grow up and develop their capability. Especially, mothers spend a lot of time with time to their children, encourage children's growth, give advice, and do their best to take care of their children. The ethnographic study is to understand the patterns and rules of human behaviors. This study utilized this method in order to interpret the maternal health promoting behaviors for their children. The data were collected through the participant observation and direct interview for about 18 months in P city. The participants were 7 mothers, from 32 to 37 years old. They have children of ages 3 to 10 and 1 or 2 children in total. The data were analyzed through the Spradley's Ethnographic method and the results were summarized as follows : The viewpoints which influence maternal health promoting behaviors include “having childlike appearance”. “having childlike character”, “living without illness”, and “eating well”. The maternal health promoting behaviors for children are classified as “adapting to nature”, “supporting of ability”, “sharing with the family”, “training”, and “praying”. The adapting behaviors include “recognizing child's innate character”, “controlling maternal desires”, “preparing natural food”, which includes breast feeding. The supporting behaviors include “recognizing childlikeness”, “empowering”, and “restricting certain actions to preventing accidents”. In order to promote child's health, it is essential to promote mother's health first of all. The sharing with the family includes “promoting family concord or acquaintanceships concord” and “adapting to circumstances beyond family”. The training behaviors include “forming good habits” and “having good moral value”. It is very important to form good habits in childhood. The praying behavior include “waiting for opportunities” and “endeavoring activity to promote child's health”. The above 5 behaviors by mothers appeared to be able to promote children's health. The results of this study can be utilized to provide the basic information necessary to develop the patterns of maternal health promoting behaviors consistent with our culture and can contribute us develop the body of knowledge about the maternal health promotion for children in nursing.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of acupuncture at HT7 (Shinmun) on the feeding behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y(NPY) expression in the maternally separated rat pups. Methods: To show the effect of acupuncture, we performed maternal separation(MS) for 7 days beginning on postnatal day 14, and observed body weight, food intake, and NPY immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus after acupuncturing at HT7, the end of the transverse crease of the ulnar wrist of the forepaw. Results: MS induced a significant decreases in body weight and food intake, while acupuncture treatment at acupoint HT7 showed much more improvement in those evaluations. NPY-immunoreactivity in area PVN were decreased in the MS group, but significantly increased in the HT7 group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the feeding disorders caused by MS, possibly by modulating NPY expression in the PVN.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.717-734
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify preschool children's eating behaviors associated with early childhood obesity and its multi-level, socio-ecological determinants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 364 mothers of preschool children aged 3-5 years, these children's healthy eating behaviors were assessed using a validated preschool nutrition quotient (NQ-P) questionnaire. The children's overweight or obesity statuses were determined based on body mass index percentiles from the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart. The associations between the NQ-P score and risk of overweight or obesity were examined using multivariable logistic regression. The associations of individual, maternal, physical, and media environmental factors with the NQ-P score were also examined using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Preschool children with greater NQ-P scores were at a significantly lower risk of overweight or obesity (P < 0.01). The NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with maternal body mass index and an inverse association with household income (all P < 0.05). Maternal parenting and feeding practices exhibited associations with the NQ-P score. Positive associations were observed with "warm," "structured," and "autonomy-supportive" parenting as well as monitoring feeding practices (all P < 0.05). In addition, the NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with the childcare center's anti-obesogenic environment, such as the provision of nutritional and physical-activity support and vicinity of the built food environment to the home, including access to good-quality food, fruits and vegetables, and low-fat foods (all P < 0.05). Regarding media environments, the NQ-P score demonstrated more significant associations with viewing and eating and/or cooking content displayed on online video platforms (all P < 0.05) than with that on television. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the significance of healthy eating behaviors in early-childhood-obesity prevention and underscore the importance of multilevel maternal, physical, and media environmental interventions that effectively guide eating behaviors in preschool children.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.158-158
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• 2005

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a mother-fetus interaction promotion program aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of primiparas, and to evaluate the effects of a mother-infant play interaction. Method: Participants were recruited from OB-GY clinic with postpartum take-care center (17 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 17 dyads for control group). Data were collected from January 18 to August 5, 2005. For the intervention group, programmed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction in the 3rd trimester was given. For the two groups, home visiting or a postpartum care center was used for data collection of the mother-infant interaction which was conducted at postpartum 1 week and 1 month. Also mother-infant interactions during feeding were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. Results: A significant difference was found in mother-infant interaction between the two groups (postpartum 1 week, t=6.10, P=0.000, 1 month t=6.69, p=.000). For variations in mother-infant interaction in the control group, a significant difference was found in between postpartum 1 week and 1 month (t=-2.564, p=.021). In subscale analysis, interactional behavior of the infant significantly increased in both groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the mother-fetus interaction promotion program aimed at promoting mother-infant interaction increase maternal sensitivity. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus should be broadly applied with primiparas, as it can be beneficial for formation of the mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, emotional, and cognitive developments of the children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.544-556
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• 2011

This study investigated how elementary schoolers (n=159, 9~11 years) and middle schoolers (n=176, 13~15 years) perceived maternal parenting style dimensions, both general and child-feeding related, and whether these dimensions are associated with the subject's food behaviors. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a solution of 10 parenting dimensions (reasonable guidance, affection and involvement, achievement expectation, clear behavioral regulation, criticism and anger, overprotection, psychological punishment, harsh punishment, punish by withdrawal of child's privileges, and lack of punishment) and 8 child-feeding dimensions (portion control, restriction, pressure to eat, monitor, undesirable model, desirable model, discourage unhealthful eating, and encourage healthful eating) with 49 and 43 items, respectively. Three parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative, were extracted via a second factor analysis using the 10 parenting dimensions. The correlation analysis indicated that authoritarian style was positively correlated with 'restriction' and 'undesirable model', while permissive style was negatively correlated with 'encourage healthful eating' in both groups. Authoritative style was strongly associated with all of the child-feeding dimensions except for 'undesirable model'. For food behaviors, the more likely elementary schoolers and middle schoolers perceived their mothers as authoritarian and permissive, respectively, the more unhealthful foods were consumed. The consumption frequency of healthful foods increased as mothers were perceived to be authoritative. More elementary schoolers of authoritative mothers ate meals with parents. Findings suggest that maternal parenting styles and dimensions, child-feeding dimensions, and child's food behaviors are associated. It may be that authoritarian and permissive styles are more detrimental for elementary schoolers and middle schoolers, respectively, whereas authoritative style is beneficial for both groups in terms of subject's food behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.70-83
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• 1999

The birth of a premature infant is distressing for its parents. The parents of a premature infant experience stress according to the infant's physical appearance and behavior, the environment of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) , and the alteration in the parental role. Especially, a mother of a premature infant feels distressed even after the discharge of the infant : therefore, she has difficulties in maternal role performance. The main purpose of this study is to identify the effects of the planned infant care information program in order to lower the stress level for mothers of premature infants caused by the birth and hospitalization in NICU of premature infants, to reduce the maternal role strain, and to promote the maternal role performance after the infants' discharge. This study employed two methods of research at the same time : quasi -experimental non-equivalent pre and post test to compare : non-equivalent post test to compare. The total number of subjects was 19 who were assigned to the research program : 12 mothers of premature infants at the NICU at the Ch university hospital and 7 at the NICU at the Y general hospital located in Chounju city. The data were collected for 79 days from August 18 to November 5, 1998. The questionnaire method was applied for the data collection, and the measures used in this study were Parental Stressor Scale : NICU(Miles, 1993), the Maternal Role Strain Measures ( Hobbs, 1968 ; Steffensmeier, 1982) , and Self Confidence Scale (Pharis, 1978). Research procedure is as follows : after preliminary examination, the experimental subjects, the mothers of premature infants at the Nl CU at Ch university hospital were provided with slide films and information developed by the researcher based on existing documents and data. It took two 60-minute sessions a week for two weeks, and the mothers' stress level was measured using the same instrument twice one week and two week after the infants' hospitalization. The stress level of the contrast subjects, the mothers at Y general hospital was measured during the same period. The experimental subjects were provided with booklets on matters that require attention after the infants' discharge and on developmental project, and they were educated to play the maternal role in person for 2-3 hours a week : breast-feeding, burping a baby, and changing diapers. One week after the infants' discharge, the maternal role strain and the maternal role performance were examined in two groups of the subjects. The analysis of collected data was done using descriptive statistics including real numbers, percentages, averages, and standard deviations. Mann-Whitney test ; x² test ; Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance ; ANCOVA Spearman's rho correlation coefficients. The results on this study were as follows. (1) The examination of the same quality showed that there were no differences in the general and obstetrical characters between the two groups. However, in terms of the characters of premature infants. just right after their birth, the infants at the contrast group weighed more than those at the experimental group(U=16.5, p=.02), and the former was in mother's womb longer than the latter(U=15.5, p=.02). (2) The stress level of the mothers provided with the plannned nursing intervention program became lower as time passed compared to the others'(F=16.61, p=.00) Even when the influence of weight at birth and the length of gestation was removed among the premature infants' characters, the mothers' stress levels made a statistical difference 2 weeks after the infants' hospitalization depending on treatment (F=8.00, p=.01) (3) The maternal role strain of the mothers provided with the planned nursing intervention program was lower than the others'(U=2.0, p=.00). Even when the influence of weight at birth and the length of gestation was removed among the premature infants' characters, the maternal role strain levels made a statistical difference 2 weeks after the infants' hospitalization, depending on treatment(F=14.72, p=.00). (4) The maternal role performance level of the mothers provided with the planned nursing program was higher than the others'(U=.0, p=.00). Even when the influence of weight at birth and the length of gestation was removed among the premature infants' characters, the mothers' stress levels made a statistical difference 2 weeks after the infants' hospitalization, depending on treatment(F=8.00, p=.01). (5) The correlation between a mother's stress level 2 weeks after her infant's hospitalization, the maternal role strain and the maternal role performance were compared : the stress and the maternal role strain were statistically irrelevant to each other(r=.33, p=.12) : the stress was found to be in inverse proportion to the maternal role performance(r=-.53, p=.02). The maternal role strain was in inverse proportion to the maternal role performance as well(r=-.50, p=.00). In conclusion, for the mothers provided with the planned nursing intervention program, their stress level was getting lower as time passed during the infants' hospitalization, their maternal role strain reduced when they took care of their infants after their discharge, and their maternal role performance level was high compared to the other mothers. Besides, the lower the stress level of mothers of premature infants was during the infants' hospitalization, the higher the maternal role performance after their discharge was. The lower maternal role strain was, the higher the maternal role performance was as well. These results of the study suggested that the nursing intervention program for the mothers of premature infants developed by the researcher would be effectively applied to nursing practice, and it would be a foundation for the development of this kind of program.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12-24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B$_6$, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.61-0.94) was significantly negative [E (the legit) : -6.8644+0.1712$\times$T-0.2337$\times$R+0.1641$\times$A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.299-310
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• 1997

A mutant, or(orange body), and the KNIH(Korea National Institute of Health) strain of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica(L.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae), were observed continuously in semi-natural conditions through video taping and data processing by computers. Male adults were individually observed for 4-5 days in a rectangular-shaped rearing cage with four different microhabitats, allowing observations of behavior such as resting, feeding, drinking and communicating with other individuals. The frequencies of visits to and times spent within harborage were determined. Although there were relatively large variations among individuals, the average stays withing harborage ranged from 47-61% of the total observation time. The duration of within-harborage time was significantly different between maternal origins, while not distinctively different between the strains. Diel differences were observed in body strains. The time spent within harborage was longer in photophase than in scotophase. visiting frequency, which represented local activity around harborage, appeared slightly higher in the or strain than in the KNIH strain, and was significant in the or strain while it was not significant in the KNIH strain. Although there were variations among individuals, similar temporal patterns in some progenies from the same maternal origins were observed in time spent within harborage and in visiting frequency.