• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.803-813
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• 2017

This study discussed the possible optimization of enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation (EMCP) as a soil-improvement technique. Magnesium chloride was added to the injection solution to delay the reaction rate and to improve the homogenous distribution of precipitated minerals within soil sample. Soil specimens were prepared in 1-m PVC cylinders and treated with the obtained solutions composed of urease, urea, calcium, and magnesium chloride, and the mineral distribution within the sand specimens was examined. The effects of the precipitated minerals on the mechanical and hydraulic properties were evaluated by unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and permeability tests, respectively. The addition of magnesium was found to be effective in delaying the reaction rate by more than one hour. The uniform distribution of the precipitated minerals within a 1-m sand column was obtained when 0.1 mol/L and 0.4 mol/L of magnesium and calcium, respectively, were injected. The strength increased gradually as the mineral content was further increased. The permeability test results showed that the hydraulic conductivity was approximately constant in the presence of a 6% mineral mass. Thus, it was revealed that it is possible to control the strength of treated sand by adjusting the amount of precipitated minerals.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 1992

The rheological characteristics of the ethanol fermentation broth were pseudoplastic when the yeast concentration was above 150g/L. From the viewpoint of rheological properties, the cell concentration below 150g/L was recommended for ethanol fermentation. Since the cell floc was formed at the cell concentration of 100 g/L, yeast cells were not much plugged in the pores of the membrane. The cell concentration above 100g/L was desirable when considering the permeability of the membrane. Since ethanol productivity was the highest when the cell concentration was 130 g/L in cell recycled ethanol fermentation. The optimal dilution rate was determined at 1.3 h-1 at constant cell mass of 130g/L. At this dilution rate, the ethanol productivity and glucose conversion ratio ware 80 g/L$\cdot$h and 0.94, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.706-712
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• 2004

This paper presents the design technique of output multiplexer(OMUX) for the Ka-band satellite transponder. Output multiplexer consists of low-pass filter(LPF), channel filter and manifold. Channel filters adopt dual-mode technique in design for mass and volume reduction and frequency response of channel filters is 4-pole elliptic response for high frequency selectivity. w-pass filters are designed to be of 13th order corrugated type for high rejection characteristic over reception band of satellite transponder. After initial design of channel filters and manifold, we optimized only a few design parameters for fast and easy optimization instead of optimizing all the design parameter. Measured results of a realized output umltiplexer for Ka-band satellite transponder show good agreement with the computed ones.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.668-672
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• 2009

상대오염도가 높은 초기유출수에 대한 1차 처리의 화학적인 효율성 증대에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되어온 반면 동수역학적 분석에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 수처리 시설에 대해서 수리모형 및 수치모의의 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 연구에 사용된 수처리 시설은 내부 격벽(baffle)의 배열에 변화를 주어 흐름제어를 유도하여 초기유출수의 처리 효율에 변화를 줄 수 있도록 시설을 고안하였다. 수리모형 및 수치모의 실험을 통해 구조물 내에 복잡한 난류흐름을 관찰하였고, 주입된 염수의 농도분포 양상을 시간변화에 따라 분석하였다. 수치모의를 위해서 3차원 수치모형 프로그램인 FLOW-3D를 사용하였으며 LES 난류모형과 질량생성(mass source)모형을 적용하여 수처리 시설 내에서의 동수역학적 거동분석 및 오염원(source)의 농도분포를 모의하였다. 실험 결과 수처리 시설의 3차원 난류흐름을 통해 오염원이 지체 및 확산되고 이에 따라 배출되는 농도가 현격하게 차이 냄을 확인하였다. 또한 추후 본 연구에서 제시된 바와 같이 다양한 내부구조에 대한 수치모의 결과를 분석하게 되면 초기 유출수 처리 효율을 증가시킬 수 있는 수처리 시설모형의 최적화 방안을 고려할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.109-115
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• 2008

The cleaning process of contaminant particles adhering to the microchips, integrated circuits (ICs) or the like is essential in modern microelectronics industry. In the cleaning process particularly working with the application of inert gases, the removal of contaminant particles of submicron scale is very difficult because the particles are prone to reside inside the boundary layer of the working fluid, The use of cryogenic $CO_2$ cleaning method is increasing rapidly as an alternative to solve this problem. In contrast to the merits of high efficiency of this process in the removal of minute particles compared to the others, even fundamental parametric studies for the optimal process design in this cleaning process are hardly done up to date, In this study, we attempted to measure the cleaning efficiency with the variations of some principal parameters such as mass flow rate, injection distance and angle, and tried to draw out optimal cleaning conditions by measuring and evaluating an effective cleaning width called $d_{50}$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1995

In order to screen microorganism producing lactic acid with high productivity from nature, we used a medium containing 100 g/l glucose and selected several microorganisms producing more than 80 g/l L-lactic acid. We investigated their physiological characteristics and compared them. The best microorganism was identified as Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus. The optimum pH for growth and production of lactic acid was 6.0 and this strain showed the highest growth rate at around 30$\circ$C , but the optimum temperature for lactic acid production was 45$\circ$C . The growth was inhibited proportionally from 50 g/l to 300 g/l of glucose and the maximal cell mass increased according to increasing the concentration of corn steep liquor (CSL) protein up to 30 g/l. In batch fermentation for lactic acid production, we produced 128 g/l L-lactic acid with 20 g/l CSL protein and 150 g/l glucose in 35 hours. In pH-stat fed-batch fermentation, we were able to produce 183 g/l L-lactic acid.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.309-317
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• 2007

In this study, we conducted a vibration fatigue analysis of the lower control arm in a vehicle suspension system. The vehicle was driven during the tests so that the dynamic effects could be taken into account. The dynamic load of the frequency domain was superimposed on the frequency response analysis. We performed a virtual proving ground test using multi-body dynamics, along with a finite element analysis and fatigue life predictions. Shape optimization was also considered using the design of the experimental approach, and a response surface analysis was performed to improve the durability performance of the lower control arm. We identified the elements that had the most influence on the optimal shape of the finite element model and analyzed the sensitivity of those elements. Then the optimal points that minimized the amount of damage to the areas of interest were determined through a response surface analysis. The results suggested that the fatigue life of the model increased as its mass was not increased excessively, and demonstrated that these design procedures yielded an appropriate optimized lower control arm model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.21-32
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• 1994

The Problem of mechanical vibration is investigated for an automotive exhaust system. The vibrational reduction effect is systematically evaluated according to the attachment of the exhaust system. Moreover, the optimal attachment position of bellows is determined from the viewpoint of vibration isolation. The structure is analysed by the finite element technique where the geometry, the mass, the stiffness and the damping properties of the exhaust pipe are modeled. The validity of the developed model is verified by comparing with the experimental results. An optimization is carried out by the quadratic approximation algorithm. The reaction transferred to an automobile body by the hanger is considered ad the objective function. It is shown that the exhaust system which has the bellows at the optimal position is more effective for the vibrational characteristics than the others. It is also proved that this analytical method is quite useful in the design stage of the exhaust system.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.245-261
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• 2007

Nonlinear time-domain system identification (SI) algorithm is proposed to assess damage in a shear building by synchronously estimating time-varying stiffness and damping parameters using measured acceleration data. Mass properties have been assumed as the a priori known information. Viscous damping was utilized for the current research. To chase possible nonlinear dynamic behavior under severe vibration, an incremental governing equation of vibrational motion has been utilized. Stiffness and damping parameters are estimated at each time step by minimizing the response error between measured and computed acceleration increments at the measured degrees-of-freedom. To solve a nonlinear constrained optimization problem for optimal structural parameters, sensitivities of acceleration increment were formulated with respect to stiffness and damping parameters, respectively. Incremental state vectors of vibrational motion were computed numerically by Newmark-${\beta}$ method. No model is pre-defined in the proposed algorithm for recovering the nonlinear response. A time-window scheme together with Monte Carlo iterations was utilized to estimate parameters with noise polluted sparse measured acceleration. A moving average scheme was applied to estimate the time-varying trend of structural parameters in all the examples. To examine the proposed SI algorithm, simulation studies were carried out intensively with sample shear buildings under earthquake excitations. In addition, the algorithm was applied to assess damage with laboratory test data obtained from free vibration on a three-story shear building model.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-95
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• 2020

Measurement of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the rock is critical to assess the quality of the rock mass ahead of a tunnel face. In this study, extensive field studies have been conducted along 3,885 m of the new Nagasaki tunnel in Japan. To predict UCS, a hybrid model of artificial neural network (ANN) based on genetic algorithm (GA) optimization was developed. A total of 1350 datasets, including six parameters of the Measurement-While- Drilling data and the UCS were considered as input and output parameters respectively. The multiple linear regression (MLR) and the ANN were employed to develop contrast models. The results reveal that the developed GA-ANN hybrid model can predict UCS with higher performance than the ANN and MLR models. This study is of great significance for accurately and effectively evaluating the quality of rock masses in tunnel engineering.