• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.757-764
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and demand for nutrition service of university dormitory residents. Out of 450 questionnaires distributed to the undergraduate and graduate students residing in a university dormitory, 335(74.4%) returned and 265(58.8%) were analyzed. The analyzed sample included 140 males(52.8%) and 125 females(47.2%). The number of undergraduate and graduate students were 183(69.1%) and 82(30.9%), respectively. Male and undergraduate students tend to more frequently use dormitory foodservice than the respective counterpart. About 21% of respondents skipped breakfast everyday and almost 2/3 of respondents skipped breakfast more often than $3{\sim}4$ times a week. The most often chosen reason for skipping meals was 'lack of time' for lunch and dinner as well as breakfast. Graduate students tend to drink coffee more often than undergraduate students. Male students were more likely to drink carbonated drinks and alcohol compared with female students. Over half(59%) of respondents were taking multivitamins and mineral supplements. About 80% of respondents perceived their health average or above. New residents having moved in to the dormitory less than a semester before tend to perceive their heath status worse than the residents having lived longer in the dormitory. The demand for nutrition service was high as shown by the high percentage of respondents willingness to receive the service: 76% for nutrition assessment service and 63% for nutrition counseling service. Such demand did not differ between males and female respondents. However, graduate students were more willing to participate in nutrition counseling service than undergraduates.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.482-493
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• 2003

This study has been designed to stress the thoughts that soups should be offered taking into account customer's preference aimed at leading to eventual customer's satisfaction and the importance that Korean traditional food should take the lead in shifting dining-out industry's paradigm to customer-orientation instead of product-orientation. From August 15 through August 30, 2003, the drawn-up questionnaires were handed out to 500 numbers of adults aged over 20 living in Seoul, metropolitan city of Korea and the finally collected 361 questionnaires from them have been analysed as a subject for this study. It showed that the male respondents(44%) dined out much more frequently than the female respondents(35%) and their rate of 5,000-7,000 Won for a meal was most preferred as their average expenditure at one sitting in the restaurant. When eating Korean food at home or in a restaurant, the majority(5l,3%) of them think the soups(Tang) should be served coupled with their ordered meals. Among soups using flesh and meat as a staple material, they most preferred beef & bone soup(33.2%), followed by beep rib soup(30.4%) and beef soup with seasoned red pepper(l0.8%), and among soups using fish & shell and crustacean as a staple material, most preferred were hot fish soup(20.6%), loach soup(l5.2%) and hot crab soup(11.4%). Among soups using beans as a staple material, they most preferred soybean paste stew(33.2%), uncurdled soybean curd stew(29.4%) and Dambuk stew(l5.8%). Among soups using fowls and birds as a staple material, chicken soup with ginseng(51.9%), plain chicken soup(l8.4%) and chicken soup with red pepper sauce(l2.3%) falls on the most preferred. Among soups using vegetables and seaweeds as a staple material, most preferred are sea mustard soup(25.3%), Kimchi soup(16.8%), soybean paste soup with Chinese cabbage(13.0%) and bean sprout soup(10.1%). The soups(Tang) most preferred in the morning time are those soups whose staple materials are vegetables and seaweeds, such as sea mustard soup, bean sprout soup, Kimchi soup and soybean paste soup with Chinese cabbage while the soups most preferred for the lunch time are beef & bone soup, beep rib soup, chicken soup with ginseng and beef soup with seasoned red pepper while beef soup with seasoned red pepper, beef & bone soup, soybean curd stew and Kimchi soup are most preferred soups for the dinner time. The survey showed that 41 % of the subject preferred chicken soup with ginseng for a food considered good by themselves for their health. The male respondents preferred Bosin-tang(soup of edible-dog meat) than the female counterparts did, while the female respondents preferred chicken soup with ginseng than the male counterparts did. The survey showed that when eating korean traditional food, 70% of the subject are visiting a restaurant where soups are cooked delicious while 61% of the subject think that price does not matter if only food tastes good, which is reflecting that taste of food is a decisive factor in selecting menu rather than its price is. In conclusion, you can say that taste of soup is the most important factor creating steady customer in the restaurant, taking it into account Korean people most prefer their traditional food when dining out.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.726-739
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to identify differences in time, frequency, and methods of toothbrushing according to knowledge acquirement of oral health between first and third year dental hygiene students who had relatively sufficient oral health education and students majoring non-health related field who had less opportunities of oral health education, to emphasize importance and necessity of the education, and to present basic data for development of effective programs of oral health education. Methods : 2,032 dental hygiene students and students majoring non-health related field attending 12 universities in Korea had been selected as subjects and were asked to complete a self-administered survey time, frequency, and methods of toothbrushing. The SPSS 12.0 program was used for statistical analysis of the collected data, and the significance of difference by groups was tested by using chi-square test, the one-way ANOVA and independent t-test. The mean frequency of toothbrushing per day and the rate of toothbrushing before and after meal were analyzed by using of multiple comparisons through the Scheffe test as post hoc test. Results : The rate of toothbrushing after lunch was 60.2% in third year and 39.2% in first year dental hygiene students, 20.3% in students majoring non-health related field, respectively. The mean frequencies per day of dental hygiene students were 3.33 times in third year and 2.85 times in first year dental hygiene students, 2.46 times in students majoring non-health related field, respectively. The rate of toothbrushing after meal among total frequency of toothbrushing per day was 85.36% in third year and 84.81% in first year dental hygiene students, 77.90% in students majoring non-health related field, respectively. As for the methods of toothbrushing, 'Turning up and down' was 68.8% in third year and 43.1% in first year dental hygiene students, 30.6% in students majoring non-health related field, respectively. Conclusions : Oral health education through dental hygiene course may improve the oral environment management of dental hygiene students and oral health education on toothbrushing should be strengthened for the students majoring non-health related field.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ity, food habits and eating behavior of the college students. The responses of 1,112 students(male 468, female 644) to the questionnaire were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: The means of height, weight were $174.1{\pm}5.1cm$, $66.0{\pm}8.1kg$ for males, respectively and were $164.3{\pm}6.0cm$, $50.7{\pm}5.3kg$ for female, respectively. The means of relative body weight(RBW) were $99.1{\pm}11.6$ for males and $91.2{\pm}10.3$ for females. Body mass index(BMI) were $21.8{\pm}2.5$ for males and $19.3{\pm}2.0$ for females. The rate of underweight, normal and obese on the basis of BMI was 19.9%, 71.5%, 8.6% for males, respectively and 68.4%, 30.4%, 1.3% for females respectively. Among underweight subjects, 59.3% answered that they had normal weight. 37.5% of normal weight subjects regarded themselves more obese or less obese than their actual body shape. Food habit score(out of a possible 50 points) was 29.4 in male and 29.3 in female, the score of self boarding students was the lowest among groups. Self boarding students had lower scores than the home-living students on the regularity of meals, eating time, protein intake, vegetable intake, lipid intake and food balance. The average meal frequency of the students was 2.46 times a day. Breakfast was skipped most frequently. Self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than other groups. The main reason of skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. The type of favorite snack was cookies and ramyun and in terms of snack time, most of the students had snack between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking were 29.8%, 76.7%, respectively and 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is needed for college student to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and to maintain their health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.315-326
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• 2014

This paper analyzes and compares the pedestrian characteristics of 5 urban communities with 2012 Seoul floating population survey data. First of all, differences in total pedestrian volumes and time distribution of the volumes are compared across the 5 urban communities and the effects of pedestrian road properties are investigated. Then, we conduct a regression analysis to find factors influencing pedestrian volume according to the type of urban community and day of week. As results, the urban community had the greatest volume and the volume increased significantly at lunch time. Center bus lane, bus stop, and crosswalk lead to more trips in the urban community, while opposite patterns occurred in the other communities. Less slopes and commercial region areas caused more trips in all communities. Regression analysis results showed that a variety of variables including demographic indices, land use type and pedestrian road properties differently affect pedestrian volumes in individual urban communities. The research can be used as basic data to establish polices for pedestrian environment improvement.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.411-427
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• 2013

To investigate the comparison of dietary status and health behaviors according to obesity, 239 male workers were selected and classified as normal (18.5-22.9 27.2%), overweight (23-24.9, 37.7%), and obese (25-29.9, 35.2%) by body mass index ($kg/m^2$). The SAS (ver. 9.2) program was used and verified by the chi-square and f-value methods. Drinking frequency(2-3 times a week) was higher in normal males(45.3%), but not as high as in obese males (48.1%) (p<0.001). Smoking frequency and amount were the highest in overweight males, but not-quit-smoking was high in obese males(51.9%) (p<0.001). Exercise time was longer in normal males(108 minutes) than other groups(69 overweight males, and 82 obese males (p<0.01). Obese groups(73.8%) slept well (p<0.001), but overweight males(44.4%) showed less than 6 hours of sleep (p<0.01). Meal frequency differed by group(two meals a day 67.7% in normal males (p<0.001), no-snack 65.5% in obese males(p<0.001). The frequency of eating-out was once a day in normal males (38.5%), differed in the eating-out time (lunch(45.8%) in normal males, dinner in overweight males(52.1%) and obese males(59.5%) (p<0.01). Korean food (49.3%) was selected, but noodle differed by group(10.2% normal 21.5% obese (p<0.01). Self-perception of body differed from the body's actual condition(p<0.001). For weight control, exercise(56.4%) was practiced more than diet(18.6%). Nutrition knowledge was poor (correct answer rate was 36.7% in normal males, 41.7% in overweight males, and 46.7% in obese males). For eating attitudes, obese males answered more in "flexible to change eating habits", "supplemented when poor eating"(p<0.001), normal responded in "impact on nutrition to health", "try new food for health"(p<0.01). From these results, it is evident that male workers, especially overweight ones, must work to learn more about health and nutrition so as to combat chronic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.275-287
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• 1993

An ecological survey of food and nutrition was conducted in April and May, among 278 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Youido elementary school, which offers no school lunch program, and is situated in Youido delta of Han River side of Seoul, known as the location of one of the socioeconomically high groups; Eighteen percent and 18.3% of subjects were proven to be overweight and obese, respectively. With regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 28.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast often and 2.5% of subjects skipped breakfast every morning. Obese children showed good appetite and the time consumed for eating was shorter than those of normal or overweight children. Most serious anxiety among the mothers for those children was food habit of `eating rapidly' and `overeating'. Another striking observation was that 14.4% of the subjects ate only one side-dish with boiled rice, and such a pattern was more often found in the normal or slim group. Most of the subjects had their snacks after being back in home from school. Thirty-one percent of the children had snacks when they felt hungry, 69% had snacks for various reasons such as `habitually', `for unwinding', and `mother gives me snacks'. Thirty-eight percent of the boys and 19% of the girls had physical exercise everyday and overweight and obese children got exercise more frequently. But the time consumed for exercise was much more shorter than that of normal subjects. Most of the children liked fruits, meats, and biscuit, in contrast, lowest preferency was for vegetables, fermented fish products, and boiled rice mixed with other grains. Obese children experienced more kinds of food than normal or slim group. The study found that habits of overeating due to good appetite and eating rapidly were recognized as one of dominant reasons causing obesity among children. On the other hand, serious dietary problem of children of normal or slim group was eating less variety of food. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of teachers.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.172-184
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• 1998

This study was to examine the characteristics of aggressive behaviour of dementia patients. It was based on the observation of the patients in a facility for dementia patients. Observation continued for two days from 9a.m. to 5p.m .. aggressive behavior was recorded using the instrument of Ryden. The result of this study is as follows. 1. appearance rate of aggressive behaviour During two days $74\%$ of the patients did aggressive behaviour(first day-$41.8\%$. second day-$62.8\%$). The average aggressive behaviour per person was 1.65. 2. types of aggressive behaviour Aggressive behaviour was the most frequent in verbal domain(157 case; $52.5\%$). Physical domain was the second$(136case;\;45.5\%)$, and sexual domain was the last$(6 case;\;2.0\%)$. More concretely, abusive/vulgar language$(74case;\;24.7\%)$ was more than anything else. Aggressive language$(65case;\;21.7\%)$, pushing$(39case;\;13.0\%)$, intimidating posture$(21case;\;7.0\%)$. slapping $(18case;\; 6.0\%)$ followed it. 3. correlation to other factors such as sex. age etc. The average aggressive behaviour of female(2.07) was higher than that of male(1.23) (p=.05). Age also had meaningful correlation to the frequency of aggressive behaviour(p=.04). All the other factors-the period of living in facility, the seriousness of dementia. movements in daily life. CAPE, emotional state. the extent of trouble in cognition- have nothing to do with the frequency of aggressive behaviour. 4. the time, place and the target of aggressive behavior Aggressive behaviour appeared more frequently in the afternoon $(138case;\;46.4\%)$ than in the morning or at lunch time. The patient's room ranked the first in the list of places where aggressive behaviour took place $(162case;\; 54.5\%)$. Nursing personnel topped in the target of aggressive behaviour$(119case;\; 39.8\%)$. 5. the preceding causes of the aggressive behavior the most frequent preceding causes of the behavior was the stimulus of another residents $(133case, 44.4\%)$ and that of nsg personnel was few relatively$(65 cases,\; 21.7\%)$. 6. Nursing personnel used verbal reaction most frequently$(40 cases,\; 51\%)$ and in a behavioral reaction they used physical restraint $(12 cases,\; 17.1\%)$ most frequently. In the reactions of nsg personnel. the rate of undesired reaction was high$(41cases,\; 44.28\%)$. and in that of the attacked residents, the usual reaction was most frequent $(80cases,\; 65.0\%)$. In the future it is needed to investigate the characteristics of aggressive behavior of dementia patients, and based on this the method of intervention must be developed. Today the number of dementia patient increases so nurses must strive to encounter aggressive behavior more desirably.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.599-611
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food behavior on dietary food intake status and health condition based on research of food behavior and nutritional intake status of university students in the Chungnam area. The average age, height, and weight of the subject group were 22.1 years old, 174.2 cm, and 67.0 kg for the male students and 20.9 years old, 161.8 cm, and 53.4 kg for the female students, respectively. From the nutritional intake status data, the averaged daily energy intake of both groups, male and female, are lower than the dietary reference intake(KDRI), as 2,169.2 kcal and 1,846.2 kcal, males and females, respectively. The lipid intake ratio was higher than the dietary reference figure, and the carbohydrate intake ratio was determined to be in the proper range. Male students(54.6%) and female students(52.0%) of the entire subject group skipped a breakfast mainly due to insufficient time, and the time at which meals were consumed, was determined to be irregular generally. In a day, male and female students have a heavier dinner than lunch(p<0.05), respectively. Meat and fishes are preferred by the entire subject group, and the number of students, who do not eat carrot and mayonnaise(p<0.05), was determined to be the highest, of all foods surveyed. The averaged daily activity coefficient and the resting energy expenditure shows significant difference(p<0.001) between two groups; was 1.7 and 1.6 and the second was 1,404.3 kcal/day and 1,292.5 kcal/day for the male and female groups, respectively. As the number of attempting to reduce body weight(p<0.001), the amount smoking(p<0.001), or the frequency of drinking alcohol increases, BMI decreases. On the other hand, as body shape satisfaction increases, BMI increases also.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.529-542
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level (PAL), the physical activity pattern and the energy expenditure in male and female elementary school soccer players using the accelerometer and the physical activity diary. Methods: Twenty-five (male 11, female 14) elementary school soccer players (9-12 years) participated in this study. During their daily activities, they wore an accelerometer for seven days (five weekdays and two weekend days) and completed the physical activity diary for three days (two weekdays and one weekend day). PAL was calculated by using the physical activity diary and three equations (Pate Preschool, Freedson Children, and Freedson) were used to calculate the intensity of physical activity and energy expenditure from the counts of accelerometer. Results: The average of physical activity by day of the week, CPM (Counts Per Minute) and METs (Metabolic Equivalents) were significantly higher in males ($723.3{\pm}149.2CPM$, $2.07{\pm}0.18METs$) compared to females ($505.6{\pm}119.9CPM$, $1.79{\pm}0.20METs$), but there was no significant difference in PAEE (Physical Activity Energy Expenditure) between the two groups (males: $15.5{\pm}9.1kcal/day$, females: $11.5{\pm}6.0kcal/day$). During weekdays, physical activity intensity was significantly higher in males compared to females at lunch time and training time than at other times. In both genders, the PAL was higher during weekdays (males 1.98, females 1.89) compared to weekend (males 1.62, females 1.61) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study observations suggest the necessity to develop an accelerometer equation for accurately evaluating the physical activity of elementary school athletes.