• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.261-271
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• 2016

This study was performed to determine lunch eating patterns and compare dietary habits among university students according to major lunch place. The subjects were 800 students from a university in Gyeonggi-do, and information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Data were compared among groups according to major lunch place (school cafeteria n=236, off-campus private restaurant n=73, on-campus private food shop n=134, delivery food n=119, convenient store n=238). Compared to male students, more female students ate at convenient stores (37.8% vs. 17.5%, respectively) while less ate at school cafeterias as the major lunch place. The on-campus private food shop group (19.1 year) were younger than the other groups (20.4~20.8 year). Dietary habits were significantly better in the school cafeteria group (65.55 out of 100) than in the other groups (60.33~62.66) (P<0.01). However, the satisfaction with school cafeterias was significantly lower than those with the other lunch places (P<0.01), and the most frequently answered reason for dissatisfaction was "not taste good" (51.0%). Despite having the lowest satisfaction among the five lunch places, eating at school cafeterias may be associated with better dietary habits in university students. Therefore, this study is able to provide basis for encouraging school cafeteria utilization for university students and for strategy development to improve university students' lunches.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.7
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• pp.75-85
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• 2006

This study was conducted to prepare information about foodborne disease outbreaks by year, eating place, etiological agent, area, and type of school lunch program. In the study, the reported data was reviewed, but only the data during recent five years were mainly analyzed because of data shortage.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2010

School lunch programs at middle schools have increased in quantity. However, the quality of them is in fact not enough to reach the satisfactory standard, especially in the aspect of environment of school meals. It is true that there seems to be little attention to the environment. In this study, degree of satisfaction about school lunch program was surveyed for students in one middle school. Focus of survey was sanitary condition about the dining room and classroom where they have lunch. First, in order to investigate the degree of satisfaction about their dining place, questionnaire was sent out to the students at one middle school in Seoul. Questionnaire was made with reference to previous research. Second, for the study on environmental sanitation, dropping bacteria (general bacteria) is measured in three parts of dining place (entrance, serving table, dining table). Petriplate film was exposed to the responsible places for 15 minutes and then cultivated at the temperature of $32^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours before counting the number of bacteria formed. For the statistical analysis, SPSS 12.0 was used. The results of the study show that students had more satisfaction in dining room service than in classroom service. Important factors for the meal program such as "taste of food", "amount of food per student", "state of keeping warm", "appearance of food", "diversity of menu", and "kindliness of feeding staff" had more points in dining room than in classroom. For the environmental and sanitary aspect, the result of dropping bacteria (general bacteria) in dining room and classroom showed that table (5.00) and fooddistribution corner (8.67) of dining room were cleaner than those of classroom (P < 0.05). Making a good environment for school feeding will have a positive effect on the improvement of satisfaction and sanitation of school feeding. There should be expansion of dining room service for the students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.841-849
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• 2006

This study compared the nutritional quality of Korean adults's consumption of lunch prepared at home, commercial places, and institutions. The one day food intake data collected via 24-hour recall in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. Individuals with 19-64 years of age were selected (n = 5,756). Sampling weights in the Survey were used to generate nationally representative estimates. Lunch was categorized into three groups according to the place where the lunch was prepared. home, commercial places, and institutions such as schools and work places. Comparison among the three groups was made for 19-39 years old men (n = 1,387) and women (n =1,572) and 40-64 years old men (n = 1,364) and women (1,433), respectively. The lunch prepared away from home contained more calories. The lunch prepared commercially was higher in calories percentages from fat than that prepared either at home or at institutions. Across the age and gender groups, lunch prepared at home contribute a high level of sodium intake. Among individuals with 40-64 years of age, but not those with 19-39 years of age, lunch prepared commercially was as sodium dense as that prepared at home. Among individuals with 19-39 years of age, the sodium density of lunch prepared commercially was about the same as that prepared at institutional food service of which the menus were planned by dieticians. Such differences in nutritional quality among meals prepared at home, commercial places, and institutions should be considered and applied for the content development of nutrition education and policy.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 2009

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of using digital pictures to assess individuals' nutrient intakes from school lunch. The subjects for the study were 29 male students and 40 female students from two classes in a middle school located in Daejeon Metropolitan City, Korea. The school lunch service was self-operated and the students were allowed to portion the foods by themselves. The teacher in charge of each class took digital pictures of every student's lunch plate that was tagged with an i.d. number, before and after eating for two consecutive days. The researchers estimated the amount of food, which an individual actually consumed by comparing pre- and post-pictures of their plate with reference food pictures for better visual estimation of the food amounts. Individual energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-Pro (ver 3.0) using the food intake data visually estimated from the digital pictures and school lunch recipes. The teachers in charge reported that about 10~15 additional minutes were needed to take the pictures used for the study and this additional time did not place much burden on the service process during the lunch period. The results showed that the students' actual energy and nutrient intakes from the same school lunch menus were quite varied as the serving portions were not regulated and left-overs were not prohibited. This pilot study suggests that examination of individual nutrient intake using digital picture is a feasible method in the context of school lunch service.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.254-263
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined whether there was a difference in the nutrients and food intake of young children depending on their lunch places. Methods: The dietary survey data of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010 ~ 2012) were used. The children were grouped into either a child care center lunch group (n = 728) or home lunch group (n = 592) and their nutrients and food intakes were compared. Results: No differences in the 24-hr energy intake and energy intakes from lunch and dinner according to the lunch places were observed. The percentage of breakfast energy was lower in the child care center lunch group, whereas the percentage of snack energy was higher. In children aged 3 ~ 5 years, the sodium, potassium, and vitamin C intakes were high in the child care center lunch group. The 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 year old children's vegetable intake from lunch was significantly higher in the child care center lunch group than in the home lunch group. Children aged 3 ~ 5 years in the child care center lunch group consumed more beans and fish at lunch. The adequacy of nutrients and food diversity of child care center lunch appear better than home lunch. Conclusion: Parents and care providers need to make efforts to use diverse foods, such as vegetables and fish, in children's meals to provide balanced diets and promote healthy eating behaviors to their children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1285-1296
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the food behaviors of college students through a food record method. In this study, one hundred and sixty seven students of Dankook university were chosen(male:77, female:90). We collected data about nutrients intake and food behaviors. Food behaviors included a frequency of both meal and snack, meal time, eating place, person with whom they ate, reason for eating, feeling after eating, and activities during mealtime. The results of the study were summarized as follows. Energy intake per day of male and female were 2201kcal and 1781kcal, respectively. Expect for the protein, vitamin C and phosphate, nutrients were not satisfied with the RDA, especially the intake of vitamin A, Vitamin B2, and calcium was very low. Average eating frequency per day was 5.1 and meal eating frequency per day was 2.6. In addition, male ate more frequently than female did. The interval between breakfast and lunch was 295 minutes, and between lunch and dinner was 373 minutes. The places where they ate the meal and snack were mostly school and restaurant at lunch and dinner, and there was not a significant different between weekday and weekend. On weekdays, the 40~50% of subjects had a breakfast with family, and most students had a lunch or dinner with friends. During weekend, although the percentage of students who had a lunch and dinner with family were increased, a lot of students had a lunch and dinner with friends or alone. In case of reason for meal and snack, the 60~70% of subjects answered that they ate the meal for hunger, and there was not different between weekday and weekend. 60~70% of subjects felt that they eat proper, but the percentage of overeat was increased for dinner. Most students were talking with others while they had a lunch. About 20% of subjects ate only food at both breakfast and dinner and 30% of subjects were watching TV. In correlation between nutrients intake and food behaviors, the higher frequency of eating, the higher carbohydrate intake in male. In case of female, protein intake and dinner time showed the negative correlation, and protein intake and mean intervals of eating had a positive correlation. In case of male, reason for eating affected the nutrient intake, but eating place, after feeling and activity for eating had no relation with nutrients intake. But in case of female, these factors affected nutrient intake. Therefore, food behaviors had an effect on nutrients intake, and the type of effect was different between male and female.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1212-1220
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• 2012

Objectives : This study is designed to survey of proper practice of toothbrushing place in elementary school, middle school and high school in some part of Gyeonggi-Do, and will be utilized for toothbrushing place management. Methods : It was randomly selected, 8 elementary schools, 6 middle school and 6 high school in Gyeonggi-do, surveyed whole students. Survey duration was from May 11th to May 20th in 2011. The surveying paper was consisted of questions of general characteristics, right practice of toothbrushing and toothbrushing after lunch etc. It was done under teacher's control. The Data was analyzed with SPSSWIN 18.0. Results : Students did toothbrushing 2 times/day. It wasn't done by Elementary students of 56.3%, middle school students of 68.5%, high school students of 39.3%. It was dominant reason for no brushing that Carrying toothbrush and toothpaste was annoying. When students washed their hands and rinsed their mouth, they used toilet facuet in over than 90% schools. Satisfaction ratio was very low in elementary, middle, high schools. 60% of students wanted to get mouth rinsing place in each school or separately nearby toilet. Conclusions : It was thought by 60% students of elementary, middle, high school that toothbrushing after meals was most important activity. But It was not well done after lunch. When whole student did toothbrushing together, they couldn't use mouthrinsing place comfortablely. There were no keeping places for toothbrushes. So more attention should be payed to make plenty mouthrinsing places and manage them well.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.413-426
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• 2017

The study subjects were 302 adult males and females aged more than 20 years living in the metropolitan area of South Korea. This study was conducted to obtain baseline data to establish proper development and marketing strategies by examining the effects of food-related lifestyles on the importance of diet, purchasing behavior towards diet lunch boxes, and their selected attributes such as menu, packaging, and services. With respect to food-related lifestyle, a cluster analysis was performed by using five factors such as convenience factor, health factor, safety factor, taste factor, and economy factor obtained from factor analysis to derive the economy type, the taste and economy type, the convenience type, the safety type, and the health type. As a result, the respondents regarded 'food hygiene (4.59)', 'freshness (4.47)', 'taste (4.28)', and 'nutrient balance (4.19)' as the selected attributes of diet lunch box menus. Moreover, the importance of diet lunch box menus (${\beta}=0.179$) was increased with increasing safety orientation. 'Shelf life label (4.42)' was the most important selected attribute of diet lunch boxes, followed by 'ingredient label (4.19)', 'nutrition facts label (4.16)', and 'indication of origin (4.15)'. In particular, the importance of packaging for diet lunch boxes (${\beta}=0.203$) was increased with increasing safety orientation. With respect to the selected attributes of services in purchasing diet lunch boxes, 'provision of personalized menus (4.07)' was the most important, and the importance of services for diet lunch box (${\beta}=0.160$) was increased with increasing taste and economy orientation. Based on the above results, the respondents gave importance to the selected attributes related to food safety and health such as hygiene and, freshness. In addition, they also placed emphasis on hygiene and safe factors such as shelf life, ingredients, and nutrition facts labels. Therefore, it is considered necessary to develop diet lunch boxes by taking these factors into account. Furthermore, in services for diet lunch boxes, it is considered necessary to establish a service system capable of providing consumers with specialized menu or nutrition counseling according to the food-related lifestyle for their proper health management. Particularly, because consumers place emphasis on both food hygiene and safety, and health, it is considered necessary to thoroughly manage hygiene, safety, and nutrition in menu or packaging so that it is possible to enhance customer satisfaction by considering these selected attributes in greater detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.74-90
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to know the effects on school lunch service programme of elementary school in rural area, by using the group consisting of the sixth year students in the schools that have provided them with the lunch for six years or longer(male student:312, & female student:324), while using the comparing group consisting of the sixth year students in the schools that have not provided them with the school lunch under their similar living condition(male student: 306 & female student:322). In addition, this study was carried out by examining all continued information about their height and weight shown in the developmetal record for six years from the 1st to 6th year, and by checking their eating habits on the basis of questionnaires. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the result of comparing the values of their height and weight grown for 6 years, it was shown that the height of the male group provided with school lunch is 27.8 cm while the male group without lunch is 27.1 cm. And the female group provided with school lunch indicated the growing value of 29.9 cm while the group without lunch did 28.4 cm. Then, it appeared that both male and female groups provided with school lunch show higher growing values of 0.7 cm, respectively, and 1.5 cm than these groups without lunch. Also, the weight of the group without lunch was 14.8 kg. Moreover, the weight of the female group provided with school lunch was 16.9 kg while the group without lunch was 17.2 kg. Then, it was shown that the male group provided with school lunch indicates heavier growing value of 0.9 kg than the group without lunch while the female group without lunch does heavier value of 0.3 kg than the group provided with school lunch. It's figure showed that although this distribution according to percentile in the 1st year is similar to the standard regular curve it is positioned in the upper group(more thatn 70%) divided centering around 50% in the 6th year, of which distribution of children provided with school lunch was higher. When comparing the values of physical status in the 6th year, it was also shown that male children with school lunch are better than these children without lunch in jumping, throwing, chinning and lifting while female children are better than these children without lunch only in jumping, which were a significant difference. In addition, the group provided with lunch showed distribution of the higher physical grade. The result of analysis on their breakfast indicated that the children with every morning breakfast account for 67.6% of the group provided with school lunch while the group without lunch for 57.8%. Regarding the reason that they do not have the breakfast, the group with school lunch answered "Because of habits"(50.7%) while the group without lunch did "Because they have no appetite"(58.9%). When comparing the degree of preference for hot or salty food, it was apparent that these children with school lunch generally tend to prefer less hot or sailty food. With respect to the frequency and place of their eating between meals, it was shown that about 70.0% of both groups has the eating between meals, more than one time a day. Then, the group with school lunch had the eating between meals at home(45.2%) while the group without lunch did it in the process of returning to home(48.4%). Regarding the degree of their preference for a certain food, it was shown that more children of the group with school lunch do not prefer a food to others. Also, their eating attitude indicated that such children as eating the food with chat after completely swallowing food and with T.V watching are larger and lower among the group with school lunch, which showed a remarkable defference from the group without lunch. With respect to their sanitary habits such as hand washing and toothing, these children who always wash their hand before eating, accounted for 84.4 % of the group provided with school lunch while the group without lunch did for 63.6%, of which the female group with school lunch indicated a remarkable difference. The actual condition of their nutrition education showed that these children who answered "Received this education" accounted for 78.0% of the group with school lunch while the group without lunch accounted for 57.5%.