• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

Compact Network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is a method that combines compact RTK and network RTK, and it can effectively reduce the time and spatial de-correlation errors. A network RTK user receives multiple correction information generated from reference stations that constitute a network, calculates correction information that is appropriate for one's own position through a proper combination method, and uses the information for the estimation of the position. This combination method is classified depending on the method for modeling the GPS error elements included in correction information, and the user position accuracy is affected by the accuracy of this modeling. Among the GPS error elements included in correction information, tropospheric delay is generally eliminated using a tropospheric model, and a combination method is then applied. In the case of a tropospheric model, the estimation accuracy varies depending on the meteorological condition, and thus eliminating the tropospheric delay of correction information using a tropospheric model is limited to a certain extent. In this study, correction information modeling accuracy performances were compared focusing on the Low-Order Surface Model (LSM), which models the GPS error elements included in correction information using a low-order surface, and a modified LSM method that considers tropospheric delay characteristics depending on altitude. Both of the two methods model GPS error elements in relation to altitude, but the second method reflects the characteristics of actual tropospheric delay depending on altitude. In this study, the final residual errors of user measurements were compared and analyzed using the correction information generated by the various methods mentioned above. For the performance comparison and analysis, various GPS actual measurement data were collected. The results indicated that the modified LSM method that considers actual tropospheric characteristics showed improved performance in terms of user measurement residual error and position domain residual error.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.76 no.6
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• pp.675-685
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• 2020

As the classical response surface method (RSM), the polynomial RSM is so easy-to-apply that it is widely used in reliability analysis. However, the trade-off of accuracy and efficiency is still a challenge and the "curse of dimension" usually confines RSM to low dimension systems. In this paper, based on the univariate decomposition, the polynomial RSM is executed in a new mode, called as DPRSM. The general form of DPRSM is given and its implementation is designed referring to the classical RSM firstly. Then, in order to balance the accuracy and efficiency of DPRSM, its adaptive order revision around the most probable point (MPP) is proposed by introducing the univariate polynomial order analysis, noted as RDPRSM, which can analyze the exact nonlinearity of the limit state surface in the region around MPP. For testing the proposed techniques, several numerical examples are studied in detail, and the results indicate that DPRSM with low order can obtain similar results to the classical RSM, DPRSM with high order can obtain more precision with a large efficiency loss; RDPRSM can perform a good balance between accuracy and efficiency and preserve the good robustness property meanwhile, especially for those problems with high nonlinearity and complex problems; the proposed methods can also give a good performance in the high-dimensional cases.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.248-250
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• 2004

We have investigated the surface state of 154kV polymeric insulators exposed to in-service conditions for about five years. In order to evaluate surface aging of silicone rubber exposed to real field environments, we used various analytic methods such as contact angle, ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS. Although contaminants were accumulated on weathershed surface, polymeric insulator has retained its intrinsic surface hydrophocity. In addition, ATR-FTIR confirmed the diffusion layer of a low molecular weight silicone fluid on surface layer and no surface cracking and chalking were Indicated by SEM. Polymeric insulators have still retained their improved pollution performance over porcelain insulators. That will lead to very low frequency of flashovers throughout their useful life, often under contaminated conditions.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

The improved Green integral equation using the Kelvin-type Green function in known free of irregular frequencies where the integral over the inner free surface integral is removed from the integral equation, resulting in an overdetermined integral equation. The solution of the overdetermined Green integral equation is shown identical with the solution of the improved Green integral equation Using the B-spline higher order panel method, the overdetermined equation is discretized in two different ways; one of the resulting linear system is square and the other is redundant. Numerical experiments show that the solutions of both are identical. Using the present methods, the exact values and higher derivatives of the potential at any place over the wetted surface of the body can be found with much fewer panels than low order panel method.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, the effect of milling on paddy rice stored at low temperature, the changes in grain temperature of bulk storage bags exposed at room temperature, the post-milling water content of paddy rice, the whiteness of rice, and the rate of pest incidence were investigated and data were analyzed. Methods: Changes in temperature inside the bulk storage bags kept at low temperature and grain temperature after exposure to room temperature were measured. Experiments were conducted for identifying the reasons of post-milling quality changes in paddy rice stored at low temperature. Results: It was determined that a short-term increase of water content in paddy rice was directly related to surface condensation, and that rice should be milled at least 72 h after removal from low-temperature storage, in order to completely eliminate surface condensation of paddy rice kept in bulk storage bags. It was observed that post-milling quality of rice changed, but water content was maintained at high levels for more than 18 d in rice that was milled when condensation occurred, regardless of paper or vinyl packaging. Rice whiteness rapidly decreased in rice that was milled when condensation occurred, regardless of packaging, while rice that was milled 72 h or more after removal from low temperature storage did not show any significant changes in whiteness. No pest incidence was observed up to 12 d after removal from low temperature storage, regardless of packaging. Starting at 18 d, after removal from low temperature storage, rice that was milled when condensation occurred, was affected by pests, while 24 d after removal from low temperature storage, all portions of rice were affected by pests. Conclusions: Our results suggest that changes in post-milling quality of rice could be significantly reduced by exposing paddy rice to room temperature for at least 72 h before milling, in order to allow the increase of grain temperature and prevent surface condensation.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.41-45
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• 2000

In solving the unsteady potential flow problem of the ship in waves with the panel method, in general one can consider the basic flow as the free stream or double body solution. For the double body solution, the body boundary condition has the 2nd derivatives of the velocity potential. Low order panel methods are known to suffer from the significant error in the 2nd derivatives computed at the body surface. This paper analyzes the numerical error in the 2nd derivatives for a 2-D cylinder and a 3-D sphere problem, and an extrapolation method to obtain the correct derivatives on the body surface is suggested.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

Purpose: The dental CAD / CAM system has been popular with the development of the digital dental industry. Zirconia is a typical material in dental CAD / CAM systems. Zirconia crowns are classified into single layer and double layer. This study is about the double layer crown of zirconia. The surface roughness, bond strength and fracture patterns of the zirconia surface were observed. Methods: Zirconia blocks were cut using a low speed cutter. Sintered to form a plate shape (6mm × 6mm × 3mm). The prepared specimens were surface treated in four ways. Surface roughness and bond strength were measured. And the fracture pattern was observed. Results: Result of surface treatment of zirconia. The surface roughness test results were as ET 2.87 ㎛, ST 2.67 ㎛, LT 2.44 ㎛, AT 2.41 ㎛, CN 2.08 ㎛ order. Bond Strength results were as LT 25.09 MPa, AT 23.27 MPa, ST 21.27 MPa, ET 21.09 MPa, CN 16.12 MPa order. Fracture patterns showed cohesive failure of 25-50% of the bond area. Conclusion: Surface roughness, bond strength and fracture pattern of the zirconia surface were observed. Etching the surface treatment of zirconia materials has been shown to affect the surface roughness. Zirconia special binder treatment has been shown to affect the bond strength improvement.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1825-1828
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• 2008

A simple method for the fabrication of porous nano-master for antireflective surface is presented. In conventional fabrication methods for antireflective surface, coating method with low refractive index has usually been used. However, it is required to have high cost and long times for mass production. In this paper, we suggested the fabrication method of antireflective surface by the hot embossing process using the porous nano patterned master on silicon wafer fabricated by low-temperature anodic aluminum oxidation. Through multi-AAO and etching processes, nano patterned master with high aspect ratio was fabricated at the large area. Pore diameter and inter-pore distance are about 150nm and from 150 to 200nm. In order to replicate anti-reflective structure, hot embossing process was performed by varying the processing parameters such as temperature, pressure and embossing time etc. Finally, antireflective surface can be successfully obtained after etching process to remove selectively silicon layer of AAO master.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 2016

In order to analyze the surface temperature in accordance with the surface material, surface temperatures between Thermal InfraRed Image (TIRI) and Landsat 8 satellite observed at the commercial area (Gwanghwamun) and residential area (Jungnang) are compared. The surface temperature from TIRI had applied atmospheric correction and compared with that from Landsat 8. The surface temperatures from Landsat 8 at Gwanghwamun and Jungnang are underestimated in comparison with that from TIRI. The difference of surface temperature between the two methods is greater in summer than in winter. When the analysis area was divided into detailed regions, depending on the material and the position of the surface, correlation of surface temperature between TIRI with Landsat 8 is as low as 0.29 (Gwanghwamun) and 0.18 (Jungnang), respectively. The results were caused from the resolution difference between the two methods. While the surface temperatures of each zone from Landsat 8 were observed almost constant, high-resolution TIRI observed relatively precise surface temperatures. When the each area was averaged as one space, correlation of surface temperature between TIRIs and Landsat 8 is more than 0.95. The spatially averaged surface temperature is higher at Jungnang, representing residential areas, than at Gwanghwamun, representing commercial areas. As a result, the observation of high resolution is required in order to observe the precise surface temperature. This is because it appears that the spatial distribution of the various surface temperature in the range of micro-scale according to the conditions of the ground surface.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.15 no.8 s.89
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• pp.539-543
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• 2006

Experimental studies are carried out in order to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the surface machined by W-EDM. In this work, two ways of heat treatment after W-EDM are considered. As a comparison, the machined surface by a traditional method such as milling/grinding is also considered. Thereby, specimens are prepared by four different machining methods. Those are (1) milling and then grinding, (2) wire-cut electric discharge machining (W-EDM), and (3) low temperature heat treatment or (4) high temperature heat treatment after W-EDM. The resulting surface roughness are measured and the changes of surface microstructures are investigated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). In general, heat treatment after W-EDM result in smoother surface and better chemical composition at the machined surface. Especially, high temperature tempering could remove defects in the thermally affected zone, which cause an overall deterioration of the surface machined by W-EDM.