• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2018

This article addresses three key issues. First, the commonalities, differences, strengths, and limitations of existing occupational safety and health (OSH) legislation of low- and middle-income countries were determined. Second, required revisions were identified and discussed to strengthen the laws in accordance with the best international practice. Finally, proposals for additional OSH laws and interventions were suggested. A literature search of OSH laws of 10 selected low- and middle-income countries was carried out. The laws were subjected to uniform review criteria. Although the agricultural sector employs more than 70% of the population, most of the reviewed countries lack OSH legislation on the sector. Existing OSH laws are gender insensitive, fragmented among various government departments, insufficient, outdated, and nondeterrent to perpetrators and lack incentives for compliance. Conclusively, the legal frameworks require reformation and harmonization for the collective benefit to employees, employers, and regulatory authorities. New OSH legislation for the agricultural sector is required.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of total factor productivity (TFP), institutional quality, and interactive variable between them on economic growth in 13 low-middle income countries in Asia for the period 2000-2018. The paper uses the difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to explore the dataset provided by the World Bank. The empirical results show that TFP and the interactive variable positively impact on the economic growth, while the institutional determinants have a negative influence. The negative effect is explained by the weak institutions in these low-middle income countries. The findings of the study suggest two points. First, the government should continue to improve TFP, which is associated with the application of technical advances, technological innovations, improvement of management methods, and skilled workers. Second, far more important, is that the authorities should pay special attention to implement institutional reform and strengthen the governance in the future. The successful experiences from Japan, Korea and Singapore will help other governments in Asian low-middle income countries to build developmental state. Probably, the developmental state actively interfere in the market to promote and realize the development goals. By doing so, these economies might overcome the so-called "middle-income trap".

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.23-45
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• 2018

본 연구는 물류성과가 개발도상국으로 유입되는 FDI에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 물류 성과지표 중에서 운송 인프라와 화물의 적시성은 저소득 국가로의 FDI에 통계적으로 유의하게 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중소득국가를 대상으로 분석한 경우에는 화물의 적시성만이 FDI에 유의하게 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 차이는 저소득국가와 중소득국가로 이루어지는 FDI의 성격이 다르기 때문이다. 저소득국가로 이루어지는 FDI는 저임금에 기초한 생산비절감을 위한 것이고, 중소득국가의 경우는 생산비절감을 위한 FDI와 소비시장 확대를 위한 FDI가 복합적으로 이루어지고 있기 때문이다. 무역비용(Trade Cost)의 일부로 볼 수 있는 물류성과지표는 무역뿐만 아니라 오프쇼어링을 목적으로 하는 FDI 유입에까지 영향을 미치고 있다고 할 수 있다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

본 연구는 개발도상국인 65개국을 대륙별, 소득별로 구분하여 어떤 요인이 FDI를 유발하는지를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 1993~2013년 기간의 패널자료를 가지고 GDP, Trade, ODA, 부가가치(Industrial value added), 사회기반시설(INFRA), 노동 가능한 인구(Labor), 인플레이션(Inflation)등의 연구모형을 구축하였다. 분석결과 경제성장률은 저소득보다 중간소득 국가와 아시아 대륙에 더 큰 영향을 주었으며, 교역량은 저소득 국가보다 중간소득 국가와 아프리카 대륙에 더 큰 영향을 주었으며, ODA은 소득별 및 대륙별 구분 없이 FDI유입에 부정적인 영향을 준 것으로 확인되었다. 산업부가가치율은 저소득보다 중간소득 국가와 아프리카 대륙의 FDI유입에 더 많은 영향을 주었으며, 노동 가능한 인구는 중간 소득보다 저소득 국가와 아프리카 대륙의 FDI 유입에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 사회기반시설은 저소득국가보다 중간 소득국가와 아시아 및 아프리카 대륙의 FDI유입에 가장 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 인플레이션률은 소득별 및 대륙별 구분 없이 FDI유입에 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.69-93
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 공적개발원조(ODA)가 개발도상국가의 창업/금융환경을 개선시킬 수 있는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 창업과 금융환경에 대한 자료는 세계은행에서 제공하는 Doing Business 자료를 활용하였으며 개발도상국가의 경우 국가들간 소득 수준의 차이가 크기 때문에 소득수준에 따라 3그룹으로 나누어 분석하였다. 그 결과 저소득국가와 중저소득국가에서 ODA는 유의하게 창업환경을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 금융환경의 경우는 중저소득 국가에서만 ODA가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. ODA의 규모나 의존도가 큰 저소득 국가에서 ODA가 금융시장에 영향을 미치지 않은 이유는 저소득국가에서는 금융시장 자체의 형성이 아직 미비하기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 또한 중고소득국가에서는 창업환경과 금융환경 모두에서 ODA의 영향이 유의하지 않게 나타났다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1385-1389
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the sun protection use behaviour among university students from 25 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 18,687 undergraduate university students aged 18-30 years (mean age 20.8, SD=2.8) from 26 universities in 25 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas. Overall, 57.2% of university students reported liking to sunbathe and of those only 48.1% used sun protection when sunbathing. In multivariate logistic regression, younger age, being female, coming from a wealthy or quite well off economic family background, living in an upper middle or high income country, lighter skin tone, and other health behaviours were found to be associated with sun protection use behaviour. Low sun protection use calls for health promotion programmes to prevent unprotected sun exposure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4221-4227
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• 2012

Cancer of the uterine cervix is a worldwide menace taking innumerable womens' lives. The literature is vast and a large number of studies have been conducted in this field. Analyses have shown significant differences exist in terms of screening and HPV testing facilities among high income and low to middle income countries. In addition, acute lack of awareness and knowledge among the concerned population is particularly noted in rural areas of the low income countries. A detailed review of Indian case studies revealed that early age of marriage and childbirth, multiparity, poor personal hygiene and low socio-economic status among others are the principal risk factors for this disease. This review concludes that a two pronged strategy involving strong government and NGO action is necessary to minimize the occurrence of cervical cancer especially in low and medium income countries.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2024

While in high-income countries the development of digital technology began in the 1970s, in low- and middle-income countries it began in the 1990s and even after 2005, due to the political regime that constrained economic development and innovation. At the same time, there are no studies of the relationship between technological development and structural changes through innovation in low- and middle-income countries. The article aims to quantify the relationship of the introduction of digital technologies on innovation, structural transformation of low- and middle-income economies. The industrial-agrarian economy of Uzbekistan with an authoritarian regime is in a state of transition to a market economy, while in Ukraine, there are active processes of Europeanization and integration into the EU. Ukraine's economy is commodity-based (the export of raw materials of industries and the agricultural sector in developed countries predominates) and industrial-agrarian. Digital technologies and the service sector are little developed in Uzbekistan. On the other hand, Ukraine has a more developed ICT sector. Uzbekistan is gradually undergoing an innovative and structural transformation of the economy: the productivity of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors is growing, but the ICT sector is virtually undeveloped. In comparison, in Ukraine, there are no significant structural transformations due to a significant drop in productivity of the industrial sector, with stable growth of productivity of the agricultural sector due to technology and a slight increase in productivity of the service sector. It is revealed that Ukraine and Uzbekistan have undergone structural transformations of the economy in favor of the service sector, while the agricultural and industrial sectors produce less and less. If Uzbekistan remains the industrial-agrarian country with an aggregate share of the added value of these sectors 59% in 2019, Ukraine transits to the post-industrial type of economy where the added value of the service sector in GDP grows (55% compared to agrarian and industrial sectors at 42%).

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.51-67
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• 2017

본 연구는 세계화와 요소부존도가 소득불평등에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 소득불평등에 관하여 전통적인 쿠즈네츠 가설에 기초하여 실증분석 모형을 설정하여 세계화로 이루어지고 있는 무역과 자본이동의 확대와 국가의 기본적 경제적 환경인 요소부존도의 효과를 분석하였다. WTO 회원국을 소득수준별로 4그룹으로 나누고 1995~2015년 기간 동안의 패널자료를 사용하여 실증분석하였다. 분석결과 고소득국을 제외한 중위소득국과 저소득국에서 쿠즈네츠의 역U자 곡선이 나타났다. 둘째로 무역의 확대는 고소득국가와 저소득국가의 소득불평등을 악화시키지만 중고소득국에서는 증가됨에 따라 국가내 소득불평등이 완화되었다. 세째로 해외직접투자의 유입액은 소득불평등에 크게 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 나타났지만 고소득국을 제외한 중고소득국과 중저소득국과 저소득국의 소득불평등을 악화시키는 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째로 자본부존비율이 높아 질수록 소득불평등이 완화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 자본의 증가로 생산성의 향상으로 소득이 증가되는 것으로 분석된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2020

Purpose: Because the energy consumption, economic growth and logistics development are still the heated topics which have attracted many scholars' interests. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the effect of logistics development on the economic growth, explore the effect of the economic growth on energy consumption and to discuss the effect of the logistics development on energy intensity. Research design, data and methodology: Using the panel data over the period 2000-2017 of 156 countries and employing the country & year fixed effect model, system generalized method moments and random effect model, the empirical analyses of this propositions are performed. Results: The empirical findings present that the logistics development is positively related to the economic growth. The energy consumption in the t-1 period and economic growth are positively related to the current energy consumption. The logistics development is negatively related to the energy intensity. Meanwhile, the empirical findings also indicate that there is a great difference about these effects among the four sub-samples (low income 18 countries, low middle income 49 countries, upper middle income 44 countries, high income 49 countries). Conclusions: Based on the evidences in this paper provided, we can find that these variables can affect each other.