• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.41-54
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• 1985

비교적 얕은 깊이에서 터널을 착굴하거나 개착을 하늘 경우, 열변지반에 침하 및 수평이동 등의 변위가 발생하게 된다. 이러한 변위는 주변 구조물의 안정에 큰 영향을 미치며, 심한 경우 주변 구조물이 파괴되는 상태에 까지 이른다. 인구가 밀집된 대도시에 지하철을 시공할 경우, 주변 문화재, 고층건물, 상하수도관, 가스관 등의 안정을 지하철 설계시 고려하여야 하므로 터널굴착에 따른 지반변위의 예측과 자세한 침하의 원인이 규명되어야 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 지반 침하량 및 침하발생 영역을 예상하거나 침하요인을 파악하기 위하여 부산지하철 NATM회간의 지표면 침하, 지표면 수평변위, 지중침하, 천단침하 들에 관한 측정 분석이 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 횡방향 지표면 침하는 Gaussian normal probability curve, 종방향 지표면 심하하는 cumulative Gaussian probability curve로서 해석이 가능하다는 것과 가인버어트의 조기폐합이 침하량 감소에 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.707-712
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• 2015

용접변형은 용접 시 구조물 내에서의 불균일한 온도분포특성으로 인하여 필연적으로 유발되는 현상이다. 또한 용접변형이 발생된 용접구조물의 일부를 제거하는 과정에서 구조물내의 용접잔류응력과 강성의 연속적인 변화에 따라 추가적인 변형이 발생하여 변형의 재분포가 이루어진다. 특히, 이러한 현상은 선박의 제조과정 중 대형블럭을 옮기기 위해 설치된 러그의 절단과정에서 살펴볼 수 있다. 용접구조물의 부분 제거 시 발생되는 변형의 재분포는 절단공구의 파손 등의 문제를 야기하기도 한다. 본 논문은 실험을 통하여 용접구조물의 부분 제거에 따른 용접변형의 재분포가 어떠한 양상으로 발생되는지 연구하기 위한 것이다. 실험을 위해 필릿용접을 실시하였고, 용접된 리브의 일부를 제거함에 따라 발생되는 종굽힘과 각변형을 측정하여 비교 및 분석하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.575-598
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• 2013

The study presents the results of an experimental program concerning the shear force transfer between reinforced concrete (RC) jackets and existing columns with damages. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the repair method applied and the contribution of each shear transfer mechanism of the interface. It includes 22 concrete columns (core) (of 24,37MPa concrete strength) with square section (150mm side, 500 mm height and scale 1:2). Ten columns had initial construction damages and twelve were subjected to initial axial load. Sixteen columns have full jacketing at all four faces with 80mm thickness (of 31,7MPa concrete strength) and contain longitudinal bars (of 500MPa nominal strength) and closed stirrups spaced at 25mm, 50mm or 100mm (of 220MPa nominal strength). Fourteen of them contain dowels at the interface between old and new concrete. All columns were subjected to repeated (pseudo-seismic) axial compression with increasing deformation cycles up to failure with or without jacketing. Two load patterns were selected to examine the difference of the behavior of columns. The effects of the initial damages, of the reinforcement of the interface (dowels) and of the confinement generated by the stirrups are investigated through axial- deformation (slip) diagrams and the energy absorbed diagrams. The results indicate that the initial damages affect the total behavior of the column and the capacity of the interface to shear mechanisms and to slip: a) the maximum bearing load of old column is decreased affecting at the same time the loading capacity of the jacketed element, b) suitable repair of initially damaged specimens increases the capacity of the jacketed column to transfer load through the interface.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.250-255
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• 2010

Purpose: Pincer nail is a relatively rare deformity characterized by an increase in transverse curvature along the longitudinal axis of the nail. This curvature commonly increases from proximal to distal end of nail, leading to pinching, curling, and distortion of the underlying soft tissue and resulting frequently in severe pain. Numerous surgical procedures have been reported. Preserving the width of the nail in the correction of the pincer nail is very important for functional and aesthetic reasons. We report the results of the correction of the pincer nail using autogenous dermofat graft with a good result. Methods: From May 2006 to September 2008, dermofat graft was performed in 6 patients with pincer nail. Patients were four women and two men, and the average age was 51. The affected digits were the unilateral great toes in four patients and the unilateral thumbs in two patients. Average follow-up period was 13 months. Surgical procedure was removal of nail using an elevator to avoid damage to the nail bed. An incision was created in distal portion of hyponychium. Paronychium was dissected from distal phalanx by periosteal elevator through incision of hyponychium and tunnel was made. Then dermofat grafts harvested from inguinal area were inserted into the tunnel. Finally, a silicone sheet was inserted eponychial fold for prevention of synechia. Objective assessment was evaluated by use of the width index and height index. Results: All patients reported resolution of the pain and soft tissue pinching sensation that they had before the operation. There was good adherence between the nail plate and the underlying nail bed. The nails have regrown and were corrected in a normal and flattened appearance. The width index and height index were improved. Conclusion: The autogenous dermofat graft seems to provide an effective treatment of the pincer nail with preservation of the nail matrix.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.100-107
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• 1997

In case of a fire outbreak in a uni-directional road tunnel, the flow of traffic immediately behind the fire disaster will be stalled all the way back to the entrance of the tunnel. Furthermore, when the vehicle passengers try to flee away from the fire toward the entrance of the tunnel, the extremely hot fume that propagates in the same direction will be fatal to the multitudes evacuating, but may also cause damage to the ventilation equipments and the vehicles, compounding the evacuation process. This paper will present the 3-dimensional modelling analysis of the preventive measures of such a fume propagation in the same direction as the evacuating passengers. For the analysis, the fire hazard was assumed to be a perfect combustion of methane gas injected through the 1 m X 2 m nozzle in the middle of the tunnel, and the product of $CO_2$ as the indicator of the fume propagation. From the research results, when the fire hazard occurred in middle of the 400 m road tunnel, the air density decreased around the fire point, and the maximum temperatures were 996 K and 499 K at 210 m and 350 m locations, respectively, 60 seconds after fire disaster occurred, when the fumes were driven out only towards the exit-direction of the tunnel. By tracing the increase of $CO_2$ level over 1% mole fraction, the minimum longitudinal ventilation velocity was found to be 2.40 m/sec. Furthermore, through Analysis of the temperature distribution graphs, and observation of the cross-sectional distribution of $CO_2$ over 1% mole fraction, it was found that the fume did not mix with the air, but rather moved far in a laminar flow towards exit of the tunnel.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2008

2002년부터 시행되어오고 있는 제조물 책임법에 의해 사고케이블의 원인분석과 사고패턴에 대한 데이터베이스화가 중요하다. 더욱이 가속열화상태에서 전력케이블 사고의 패턴 및 모의실험은 데이터베이스 시스템 구축에 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 열 열화 따른 22.9[kV]이하 케이블의 열 충격시험을 수행하였다. 이 시험은 IEC60811-3-1에 따른다. 시험결과로부터, 22.9[kV]급 A사 전력케이블은 표면이 변색되었고 길이방향으로 급격하게 감소되었다. 특히, A사 전력케이블의 열 중량 특성이 심하게 변함에 따라, 케이블 제조상의 문제일 것이라 추측된다. 만약 전력케이블의 제조상의 결함에 의한 것이라면, 피해자들은 PL환경 하에 손해배상을 받을 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1125-1131
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• 2014

복합 구조물의 충격 진동 특성을 이용한 취약성 분석 기법을 제안하였다. 프레임 요소로 구성된 구조물의 충격 거동을 파악하기 위해서 스펙트럴요소법을 적용하였다. 티모센코 보함수를 이용해 고속충돌에 의한 고주파 성분을 포함하는 충격파 전파 특성을 시뮬레이션하였다. 구조물의 결합부분에서는 종방향과 횡방향 파동의 상호 작용을 고려한 파동 전달을 해석하였다. 충격력이 구조물에 작용할 경우 주파수 및 시간 응답을 얻고 전체 구조물에서 충격에너지 전파 특성을 파악하였다. 구조물의 위치별로 계산된 최대가속도 크기와 시스템을 구성하는 주요 부품의 허용 가속도 기준에 의한 취약확률 함수를 정의하고 시스템의 취약 확률을 계산하였다. 제안된 취약성 분석 절차를 이용해 3 차원 전투 차량의 충격 응답을 얻고 충격에 취약한 구조물 위치를 파악하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

The piping system of a nuclear power plant plays a role of transferring high energy fluid to equipment and various devices. The safety and soundness of these piping systems are very closely related to the operability of the power plant. In the case of a welded part of a small diameter pipe, it may grow as a microcrack due to a lack of penetration, and it may grow to a size that affects the safety of the pipe due to the influence of mechanical vibration and fatigue load. Resonance refers to an increase in energy as the natural frequency of an object coincides with the frequency applied to the external force. When this resonance occurs, the frequency is the resonance frequency. In this study, when defects exist in the welds of small diameter pipe, the natural frequency of the pipe changes and resonance may occur. Since these resonances are likely to cause fatigue damage to the piping, resonance frequency changes due to the size and shape of the defects are analyzed and evaluated. As a result of the vibration test, the resonance frequency tended to decrease as the depth of the defect deepened, and the influence was larger when the defect existed at the bottom of the top of the trough. Also, it was confirmed that the Transverse cracks had an effect on the resonance frequency in the presence of the cracks in the weld bead, compared to the longitudinal cracks. As a result of this study, it is expected that the cause of the defect and the condition of the pipe can be monitored because the resonance frequency tendency according to the shape of the crack is analyzed.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2011

It is well known that stiffness of composites depends on layup sequence of CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced plastics) laminates because the layup of composite laminates influences their properties. Ultrasonic NDE of composite laminates is often based on the backwall echoes of the sample. A pair of such transducers was mounted in a holder in a nose-to-nose fashion to be used as a scanning probe on composites. Miniature potted angle beam transducers were used (Rayleigh waves in steel) on solid laminates of composites. Experiments were performed to understand the behavior of the transducers and the nature of the waves generated in the composite (mode, wave speed, angle of refraction). C-scan images of flaws and impact damage were then produced by combining the pitch-catch probe with a portable manual scanner known as the Generic Scanner ("GenScan"). The pitch-catch signal was found to be more sensitive than normal incidence backwall echo of longitudinal wave to fiber orientation of the CFRP composites, including low level porosity, ply waviness, and cracks. Therefore, it is found that the experimentally Rayleigh wave variation of pitch-catch ultrasonic signal was consistent with numerical results and one-side ultrasonic measurement might be very useful to detect the defects.

• Composites Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

유리 섬유 강화 플라스틱 직교적층판의 내부층과 표피층의 길이방향 변형률을 삽입된 절대변형 외부 페브리 페로 간섭 센서를 이용하여 측정하였다. 투과식 광학현미경을 이용하여 삽입된 A-EFPI 센서 주위의 파손거동을 관찰하였다. 시험편 표면부의 변형률 측정을 위해 포일 형식의 스트레인 게이지를 시험편 아래 위 표면부에 부착하였다. 또한 삽입된 A-EFPI 센서로 측정한 내부층과 표피층의 길이방향 변형률 값은 스트레인 게이지로 측정한 시험편 표면의 변형률 값 보다 다소 크게 나타났다. 균일 응력 모델을 기초로 한 3차원 유한요소해석을 통해 실험 결과의 타당성을 확인하였으며 내부층의 큰 변형률은 많은 횡단형 균열의 발생을 야기시켰는데 이로 인해 내부층에 삽입된 광섬유센서의 고장시 변형률이 급격히 낮아졌다.