• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.419-428
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• 2017

In this study, energy loss due to ventilation load in the dock system was analyzed through simulation. Also, flow generated in the dock system of the warehouse was measured using manufactured measuring devices. Numerical simulation was conducted by simulating the most common picking tasks by examining the actual working environment. Incompressible and unsteady turbulent flows were assumed, and the turbulence model was the k-e standard model. Proper grid was selected through grid dependency test. Measurement was conducted using Honeywell and Vaisala sensors, and flow and temperature inside the warehouse were measured and compared with simulation results to validate simulation. When comparing amount of loss occurring in two hours and amount of loss occurring in 15 minutes, docking time of the former was eight times longer but energy loss was 3.8 times lower. Ventilation load occurring during the initial period after opening docking system accounted for a large proportion of total ventilation load. Also, comparing the load when the dock was closed and the load when the truck was parked, ventilation load was significantly higher than load due to heat conduction from the wall. Therefore, in improving the docking system, it is effective to reduce the gap by improving compatibility of the docking system and truck, rather than wall material.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.207-220
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• 2008

The shear lag has been studied for many years. Nevertheless, existing research gives a variety of stress concentration factors. Unlike the elementary beam theory, the application of load is not unique in reality. For example, concentrated load can be applied as point load or distributed load along the height of the web. This non-uniqueness may be a reason for the discrepancy of the stress concentration factors in the existing studies. The finite element method has been often employed for studying the effect of the shear lag. However, not many researches have taken into account the influence of the finite element mesh on the shear lag phenomenon, although stress concentration can be quite sensitive to the mesh employed in the finite element analysis. This may be another source for the discrepancy of the stress concentration factors. It also needs to be noted that much less studies seem to have been conducted for the shear lag effect on deflection while some design codes have formulas. The present study investigates the shear lag effect in a simply supported box girder by the three-dimensional finite element method using shell elements. The whole girder is modeled by shell elements, and extensive parametric study with respect to the geometry of a box girder is carried out. Not only stress concentration but also deflection is computed. The effect of the way load is applied and the dependency of finite element mesh on the shear lag are carefully treated. Based on the numerical results thus obtained, empirical formulas are proposed to compute stress concentration and deflection that includes the shear lag effect.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.750-757
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• 2008

This study is conducted to characterize and evaluate delivered pollutant loads of point and nonpoint source on the upper watershed of lake paldang. The study area consists of 12 watersheds in Namhan-river and Kyungahcheon, which are approximately 80% of total area of Namhan-river and Kyungahcheon. Based on daily delivered loads from watersheds, 61% of $BOD_5$, 81% of T-N and 70% of T-P were from nonpoint sources, suggesting that delivered loads of nonpoint pollutants be crucial to water quality. On the other hand, 78% of $BOD_5$, 92% of T-N and 87% of T-P as delivered load were from nonpoint sources in an upper watershed of Namhan-river, while 48% of $BOD_5$, 70% of T-N and 57% of T-P as delivered load were from nonpoint sources in a lower watershed of Namhan-river, suggesting higher dependency of point sources than upper watershed of Namhan-river. In the characteristic of delivered loading pollutants from point and nonpoint pollution sources, delivered load of nonpoint pollutants differed significantly by seasonal flow, and as though discharged load of point pollutants were yearly uniform, delivered load of point pollutants was found to be flow-dependent because its delivery ratio was changed.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2021

암석이나 콘크리트와 같은 취성재료는 재료에 동하중이 가해질 때에는 큰 변형률속도 의존성을 보인다. 이는 취성재료의 역학적 성질이 하중속도에 따라 크게 변화할 수 있음을 의미한다. 이런 성질 때문에 취성재료의 변형률속도 의존성은 발파공학이나 암석동역학 문제를 풀 때 반드시 고려해야 할 중요한 사항들 중의 하나이다. 하지만 불행하게도 국내의 경우, 암석이나 여타의 취성재료들의 동적물성을 특성화하는 연구들은 아직 미진한 상태에 있다. 본 연구에서는 거창 화강암과 고강도 콘크리트 시편의 동적특성을 파악하기 위해 홉킨슨 압력봉을 이용하여 동적 인장시험을 실시하였다. 시험방법으로는 ISRM이 제안한 동적 압열시험과 박리시험을 채택하였다. 일반적으로, 고변형률속도 하에서는 후자의 방법이 더 우수한 것으로 알려져 있다. 이들 두 종류의 시험을 실시한 결과, 시편들의 동적 인장강도가 거의 비슷하게 나타났다. 하지만 저자들은 애초에 시험방법에 따라 측정강도가 상이할 것으로 예상했었다. 따라서 서로 다른 방법을 적용했음에도 측정 강도가 비슷하게 나타난 것은 오히려 시험과정에서 어떤 오류가 개입된 것으로도 볼 수 있으므로 후속연구를 통해 이 부분에 대해 상세조사를 수행할 예정이다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.249-266
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• 2005

In the present paper a transient three-dimensional thermo-mechanical model for concrete is presented. For given boundary conditions, temperature distribution is calculated by employing a three-dimensional transient thermal finite element analysis. Thermal properties of concrete are assumed to be constant and independent of the stress-strain distribution. In the thermo-mechanical model for concrete the total strain tensor is decomposed into pure mechanical strain, free thermal strain and load induced thermal strain. The mechanical strain is calculated by using temperature dependent microplane model for concrete (O$\check{z}$bolt, et al. 2001). The dependency of the macroscopic concrete properties (Young's modulus, tensile and compressive strengths and fracture energy) on temperature is based on the available experimental database. The stress independent free thermal strain is calculated according to the proposal of Nielsen, et al. (2001). The load induced thermal strain is obtained by employing the biparabolic model, which was recently proposed by Nielsen, et al. (2004). It is assumed that the total load induced thermal strain is irrecoverable, i.e., creep component is neglected. The model is implemented into a three-dimensional FE code. The performance of headed stud anchors exposed to fire was studied. Three-dimensional transient thermal FE analysis was carried out for three embedment depths and for four thermal loading histories. The results of the analysis show that the resistance of anchors can be significantly reduced if they are exposed to fire. The largest reduction of the load capacity was obtained for anchors with relatively small embedment depths. The numerical results agree well with the available experimental evidence.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.807-816
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• 2021

4차 산업혁명 기술로 네트워크 트래픽은 공급의 증가, 수요의 증가, 트래픽 패턴의 복잡도 증가의 특징으로 유통되는 Data가 늘고 있다. 이런 방대한 트래픽을 효율적으로 관리하기 위해 H/W와 S/W가 분리된 개념인 SDN이 차세대 네트워크로 주목받고 있다. S/W Opensource로 구현된 SDN의 Controll Layer, Infrastructure Layer 컨트롤러를 이용하여 경직된 Vendor 종속성의 문제를 탈피하여 유연한 정책을 적용할 수 있는 장점으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 SDN을 이용하여 네트워크 계층의 패킷 구조를 통해 그룹화하고 Packet Delay, Transmission Rate 등을 분석하여 효율적인 부하분산 기법을 제안한다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2017

This study investigated the problems in current practice of drive-train resonance analysis procedure and suggested solutions. The first problem is the resonance occurrence at the un-identified resonance point by the current practice, as for a solution the force spectrum analysis for each critical force transmitting component was suggested. The second one is the inaccurate estimation of potential resonance point in eigenfrequency analysis because of the non-consideration about the eigenfrequency dependency on rotor-speed, the fine linearization at each rotor speed point all over operational range was proposed to account for the affection. Lastly the insufficient time for resonance activation under run-up simulation condition was recognized as a problem in resonance load increasing analysis, as an alternative, steady state condition was suggested to estimate the maximum load increasing level.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2016

Offshore substructures have been developed to support structures against complex offshore environments. The load at offshore substructures is dominated by waves, and deformation of waves caused by interactions with the current is an important phenomena. Wave load simulation of fixed offshore substructures in waves with the presence of uniform current was carried out by numerical wave tank technique using the commercial software, FLUENT. The continuity and Navier-Stokes equations were applied as the governing equations for incompressible fluid motion, and numerical wavemaker was employed to reproduce offshore wave environment. Convergence test against grids number was carried out to investigate grid dependency and optimized conditions for numerical wave generation were derived including investigation of the damping effect against length of the damping domain. Numerical simulation of wave and current interactions with fixed offshore substructure was carried out by computational fluid dynamics, and comparison with other experiments and simulations results was conducted.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.269-285
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• 2007

This paper assesses the damage to high-set rectangular-plan houses with low-pitch gable roofs (built in the 1960 and 70s in the northern parts of Australia) to wind speeds experienced in tropical cyclones. The study estimates the likely failure mode and percentage of failure for a representative proportion of houses with increasing wind speed. Structural reliability concepts are used to determine the levels of damage. The wind load and the component connection strengths are treated as random variables with log-normal distributions. These variables are derived from experiments, structural analysis, damage investigations and experience. This study also incorporates progressive failures and considers the inter-dependency between the structural components in the house, when estimating the types and percentages of the overall failures in the population of these houses. The progressively increasing percentage of houses being subjected to high internal pressures resulting from damage to the envelope is considered. Results from this study also compare favourably with levels of damage and related modes of failure for high-set houses observed in post-cyclone damage surveys.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.73-90
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• 2001

This paper presents the reliability models for redundant systems composed of repairable components whose failure time and repair time distributions are phase-type. It is shown that the distribution of time to system failure is also phase-type. The dependency between components are considered and integrated into the model by the used of the rate adjustment factor. The phase-type representation is constructed for the system through algebraic operations on the parameters of components\` failure time and repair time distributions and the corresponding rate adjustment factors. Types of system structures considered are parallel, k-out-of-N system with load sharing scheme and standby system with operation priority.