• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권2호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

Litterfall has been recognized an important part of the forest ecosystem production, playing a major pathway in energy flow and nutrient cycling through the ecosystem. This study was carried out to examine the quantity and components, temporal variation, and spatial heterogeneity of the litterfall in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The data were collected from the 9ha permanent experimental plot, of which on the center area, i.e. $150m{\times}150m$, the total number of 319 circular litterfall traps with the size of $0.5m^2$ were established to collect falling litterfall. The results showed that the annual amount of litterfall was totalized 3,033.7 kg/ha, occupying broad-leaves of 39.3%, conifer-leaves of 29.5%, others of 18.5%, branches of 10.4%, and seeds of 2.3%. The peak point of the litterfall production was made at the end of September, proportionating 32.2% of total amount. The analysis of semivariogram revealed the existence of high spatial heterogeneity, calculated the scale of spatial heterogeneity ranged from 11.6 m to 29.1 m. The result of proportion (C/[Co+C]) showed that spatial heterogeneity of autocorrelation in total spatial heterogeneity were from 97.0% to 100%. The relatively heavy branches and others had significant differences in litterfall production between the areas of canopy gap and closed canopy in the 95% probability level, but the other components did not show statistical differences.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2006

본 연구는 경기도 양평지역 내 서로 인접하여 있고 동일한 입지 환경 위에 생육하고 있는 41년생 리기다소나무와 낙엽송 조림지를 대상으로 질소와 인 시비처리가 리기다소나무와 낙 엽송의 낙엽 생산량 및 양분 동태에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 낙엽 생산량은 시료채취 시기와 수종간에 통계적으로 유의성이 인정된 반면, 시비 처리간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었던 것으로 나타났다. 연간 낙엽 생산량은 리기다소나무가 6,377 kg/ha 그리고 낙엽송이 4,778 kg/ha이었다. 낙엽 내 양분농도는 낙엽송이 리기다소나무에 비해 높았으며, 두 수종 모두 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 낙엽 내 양분 농도는 낙엽송에서의 Ca 함량을 제외하고 두 수종 모두 연중 낙엽 생산량이 가장 많았던 늦가을에서 가장 낮았으며, 연중 낙엽 생산량이 가장 적었던 여름에 가장 높았던 것으로 나타났다. 또한 리기다소나무와 낙엽송 임분 임상의 총 유기물 함량은 24,296 kg/ha, 그리고 10,763 kg/ha였으며, 임상 내질소와 인의 함량은 리기다소나무가 126, 10 kg/ha, 그리고 102, 8 kg/ha로 각각 나타났다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2012

Litterfall dynamics in forests are assessed by estimating biomass production and decomposition. However, there have been few studies on how litter dynamics impact the health and management of ecosystems. Here, a new approach to measure and assess ecosystem function is presented based on conventional methods using littertraps, litterbags, and the mass on the forest floor. To assess the status of litter dynamics, the decay rate (k) was estimated from a litterbag experiment, and removal rates ($k_i$) were determined from mass balance on the forest floor at 21 sites on three mountains in South Korea. The $k_3$ (organic mass ratio of $O_i$ and $O_e+O_a$ + A horizons in November) values in an equilibrium state in South Korea were within the range of $k{\pm}0.174$ when considering the annual variation of litterfall production. This study also suggests that sampling sites for these types of studies should be in the middle, not at the ends, of steady slopes on the forest floor.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2007

Litter production, nutrient contents of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients returned to forest floor via litterfall were investigated from May 2005 through April 2006 in Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora forests at Mt. Worak National Park. Total amount of litterfall during one year in Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis and P. densiflora forests was 542.7, 459.2 and $306.9\;g\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Of the total litterfall, leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the others occupied 50.3%, 22.7%, 10.1 % and 16.9% in Q. mongolica forest, 81.9%, 7.2%, 3.1% and 7.9% in Q. variabilis forest, 57.4%, 12.8%, 5.6% and 24.1 % in P. densiflora forest, respectively. Nutrients concentrations in oak litterfall were higher than those in needle litter. N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentration in leaf litterfall were 13.8, 1.1, 7.2, 4.2 and 1.3 mg/g for Q. mongolica forest, 10.5, 0.7, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.6 mg/g for Q. variabilis forest, 5.3, 0.4, 1.2, 2.8 and 0.6mg/g for P. densiflora forest, respectively. The amount of annual input of N, P, K, Ca and Mg to the forest floor via litterfall was 43.36, 2.89, 21.38, 23.31 and $5.62\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. mongolica forest, 32.28, 2.01, 10.23, 20.29 and $7.78\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. variabilis forest, 15.80, 1.04, 3.99, 9.70 and $2.10\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora forest, respectively.

• 환경생물
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.261-265
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• 2009

월악산 국립공원 내의 소나무군락에서 2005년 5월부터 2008년 4월까지 3년 동안 월별 낙엽의 생산량과 낙엽을 통해 임상에 이입되는 영양염류의 양을 조사하였다. 2005, 2006, 2007년의 낙엽생산량은 각각 3.070, 3.066, 3.099 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었으며, 3년 동안의 평균 낙엽생산량은 $3.078{\pm}0.018\;ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었다. 낙엽 구성원 중 침엽, 가지 및 수피, 생식기관 그리고 기타가 차지하는 비율은 각각 61.9, 10.4, 5.2, 22.5%으로 침엽이 차지하는 비율이 가장 컷다. 조사지소에서 3년 동안 낙엽을 통해 임상에 이입되는 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘 그리고 마그네슘의 평균 양은 18.014, 0.878, 4.240, 7.349 그리고 2.172 kg $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2005

From published data of mature forests worldwide, Raich and Nadelhoffer suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new measurements of IRGA-based soil respiration and litterfall of natural mature oak forests dominated by Quercus mongolica in Korea. Rates of in situ soil respiration and aboveground litter production are highly and positively correlated. Our results disagree with the Raich and Nadelhoffer model far world forests. A regression analysis of the data from Q. mongolica forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration : 141 + 2.08 ${\times}$ annual litterfall. The least squares regression line has a more gentle slope (2.08) than the slope (2.92) described by Raich and Nedelhoffer for mature forests worldwide. The regression slope of our study indicates that, on average, soil respiration is about two times the aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is similar with annual aboveground litterfall-C at natural Q. mongolica forests in Korea. The non-zero Y-intercept (141) of the regression indicates that TBCA may be greater than litterfall-C where litterfall rate are relativery low. Over a gradient of litterfall-C ranging from 200-370 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$, TBCA increased from 350-530 g C $m^{-2}yr^{-l}$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2020

In the forest ecosystems, litterfall is an important component of the nutrient cycle that regulates the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), the input and output of the nutrients, nutrient replenishment, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem functions. Therefore, a profound understanding of the major processes (litterfall production and its decomposition rate) in the cycle is vital for sustainable forest management (SFM). Despite these facts, there is still a limited knowledge in tropical forest ecosystems, and further researches are highly needed. This shortfall of research-based knowledge, especially in tropical forest ecosystems, may be a contributing factor to the lack of understanding of the role of plant litter in the forest ecosystem function for sustainable forest management, particularly in the tropical forest landscapes. Therefore, in this paper, I review the role of plant litter in tropical forest ecosystems with the aims of assessing the importance of plant litter in forest ecosystems for the biogeochemical cycle. Then, the major factors that affect the plant litter production and decomposition were identified, which could direct and contribute to future research. The small set of studies reviewed in this paper demonstrated the potential of plant litter to improve the biogeochemical cycle and nutrients in the forest ecosystems. However, further researches are needed particularly on the effect of species, forest structures, seasons, and climate factors on the plant litter production and decomposition in various types of forest ecosystems.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제102권2호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2013

산림생태계 낙엽낙지량에 대한 정량적 평가는 장기생태 연구의 물질순환 기작 해석에 중요한 요인이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 남부지방에 위치한 금산 장기생태연구 조사지의 낙엽활엽수림을 대상으로 2004년부터 2010년 사이에 낙엽낙지량의 계절적 연년 변화를 조사하였다. 낙엽낙지량중 낙엽 및 생식기관(숫꽃)은 계절적 변동을 보였으나, 침엽, 수피, 가지, 기타 물질 등은 계절별 변화가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 낙엽량의 경우 졸참나무와 서어나무는 유의적인 연변화가 있었으나, 까치박달, 편백, 곰솔의 낙엽량은 차이가 없었다. 조사기간 동안 낙엽낙지량은 2004년 4,110 kg/ha/yr로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 최대 생산량은 2007년 6,002 kg/ha/yr로 2004년 기준 46% 차이가 있었고 7년 동안의 평균낙엽낙지량은 5,223 kg/ha/yr이였다. 낙엽량은 졸참나무 2,323 kg/ha/yr, 서어나무 442 kg/ha/yr, 까치박달 157 kg/ha/yr, 당단풍나무 131 kg/ha/yr, 기타 활엽수 390 kg/ha/yr, 곰솔 74 kg/ha/yr, 편백 37 kg/ha/yr 순으로 나타났다. 7년 평균 가지, 기타 물질, 생식기관, 수피는 각각 672, 515, 44, 54 kg/ha/yr로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 금산 장기생태연구 조사구의 낙엽낙지량은 유의적인 연변화가 발생하였으며 태풍 같은 교란이 발생하지 않을 경우 연평균 온도와 유의적인 선형관계가 있었다. 또한 금산 장기생태연구 조사지의 낙엽낙지량은 타 장기생태연구 조사지에 비해 낮게 나타났다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thinning on fine root biomass and vertical distribution. and litterfall amount in a 50 year old Pinus koraiensis plantation in Chuncheon, Kangwon Province. Fine root (< 2 mm in diameter) biomass ($367\;g/m^2$) in the site 'OC_75', thinning once in 1975, was 68% of those in the site 'CON', no thinning after planting, and in the site 'TC_00', thinning twice in 1975 and 2000. There were no significant differences of dead roots among treatments. Diameter $0{\sim}1\;mm$ roots were vertically decreased only in the TC_00 site. The litterfall was very similar between OC_75 ($5.2\;Mg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$) and TC_00 ($4.7\;Mg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$), but the composition of litterfall was different: The proportion of leaves and branches was 80% and 13% in OC_75 and 56% and 36% in TC_00, respectively. Reduction of P. koraiensis density by thinning decreased leaf litter as well as fine roots of P. koraiensis, but increased fine roots production by neighboring understory plants offset the reduction of fine roots of P. koraiensis. We suggest that belowground as well as aboveground responses, including both over- and understory vegetation, should be considered to measure the responses of trees in thinned forest ecosystems.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.573-580
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• 2011

월악산 국립공원 내의 굴참나무림에서 2005년 5월부터 2009년 4월까지 4년 동안 월별 낙엽 생산량과 낙엽을 통해 임상에 이입되는 영양염류의 양을 조사하였다. 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008년의 낙엽생산량은 각각 5.181, 5.372, 5.314, 5.361 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었으며, 4년 동안의 평균 낙엽생산량은 5.307${\pm}$0.09 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었다. 조사기간 동안 낙엽 구성원 중 잎, 가지, 생식기관 그리고 기타가 차지하는 비율은 각각 67.5${\pm}$1.9, 13.3${\pm}$0.8, 10.1${\pm}$0.5, 9.1${\pm}$1.2%로 잎이 차지하는 비율이 가장 높았다. 조사지소에서 4년 동안 낙엽을 통해 임상에 이입되는 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘 그리고 마그네슘의 평균 이입량은 각각 44.47${\pm}$6.70, 2.50${\pm}$0.25, 12.26${\pm}$0.30, 17.23${\pm}$2.32, 9.56${\pm}$0.54 kg $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었다.