• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.242-251
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• 1989

The salted-dried mullet(Mugil japonicus) roe is a kind of traditional food particulary in the area of Young-am gun, Chunnam province. This study was conducted to conform the scientific processing conditions and to evaluate the nutritional quality and changes of major components during storage times. The manufacturing method was that the fresh roe was salted for about 20 hours for the preparation of salted-dried roe, washed by clean waters, drained, shaped a flat piece with 1.2cm thickness by pressing, and spreaded sesame oils on the surface of the salted roe periodically during wind drying for 20 days. The dried roe was blanched in heated water$(80^{\circ}C/3min)$ and packaged the dried product for storages. The fractional compositions of free lipid of wind dried roe were 40% of neutral lipids, 12% of glycolipids and 9% of phospholipids and those of bound lipids were 13% of neutral lipids. 10% of glycolipids and 13% of phospholipids respectively. The major fatty acids of the roe were $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:1}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{20:0}$ which was consisted of free and bound lipids in wind drying method during processing and storages. Total amino acids were 99.87g/100g and major amino acids were Glu, Pro, Leu, Lys and CySH and the protein score was average 155% and the chemical score was average 109%. Free amino acids was 1,376mg% that had 50.61% of Pro and the major kinds of those were Tyr and CySH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2009

Dodok (Codonopsis lanceolata Bench. et Hook) root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. To identify the major components, fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was analyzed for its chemical compositions prior to their pharmaceutical substances, which were used as the fundamental data. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 79.3%, 13.0%, 2.40% and 5.3%, respectively. The calories of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 390.5 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 47.4% of total carbohydrates. The protein was composed of 18 different amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 8,118.18 mg and 10,913.42 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca and Mg, which means fermented Codonopsis lanceolata is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 37.76%, 3.84%, and 35.64%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of crude saponin in fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 60.1 mg/g. It is expected that a follow up study on fermented Codonopsis lanceolata through development and evaluation of processed foods for their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Cereals, especially rice is the staple food of oriental nations and because it is very important for Korean food, to determine the extent of nutrient losses due to milling, we analyzed the fatty acid using by GC-FID(Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector). Experimented rice cereals were rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, Seodunchalbori, Saessalbori, Keunalbori No.1, barnyard millet produced in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: After milling, the contents of fatty acids in the rice, glutinous rice, Heuinchalssalbori, and Seodunchalbori, Keunalbori No.1 rather decreased, but in the Saessalbori, and barnyard mille increased. Particularly, fatty acid content of the rice decreased from 24.8 mg/g to 6.4 mg/g, glutinous rice decreased from 29.4 mg/g to 11.7 mg/g after milling. There were also significant changes in the compositions of fatty acid among samples. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) increased from 5% to 15%, but oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) decreased in the rice after milling. CONCLUSION(s):In the brown rice, 11 different types of fatty acids were detected, and its highest content was found in grains. However, milled grain was observed only seven fatty acids in the case of rice. This result insisted that a portion of the lipid layer was significantly lost during the milling operation in rice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.5
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• pp.23-31
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• 1964

Six species of marine shell-fishes were subjects in this study. The content of RNA and DNA in mid-intestinal glands (liver) was determined and RNA was also extracted from above materials by phenol method and their nucleotide compositions were analysed by ion exchange column chromatography. C; citidylic acid, A; adenylic acid, G; guanylic acid, U; uridylic acid, Pu; purine nucleotide, Py; pyrimidine nucleotide 1) Their RNA and DNA content was summarized in the next table.(mg/100mg of lipid free powder) Materials RNA DNA RNA/DNA Meretrix meretrix Susoria (Gmelin) 6.82 0.82 6.5 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 4.62 0.70 6.6 Ostrea(crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 8.74 1.03 8.5 Turbo cornutus Solander 2.16 0.60 3.6 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 7.02 0.22 36.0 2) Their RNA nucleatide compositions was summaries in following tabe. Materials/RNA nucleotide G+C/A+U G+U/A+C Pu/Py Meretrix meretrix Susoria(Gmelin) 1.12 1.36 1.08 Venerupis philippinarum (Adoms et Reeve) 1.15 1.31 1.13 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 0.97 1.26 1.02 Ostrea (crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 1.51 1.34 1.31 Turbo cornutus Solander 1.37 1.29 1.03 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 1.33 1.46 1.22 In six species of marine fishes examined, Pu/Py and G+C/A+U ratios of RNA vary in respective wide ranges of 1.02-1.31, 0.97-1.51, while G+U/A+C ratio in the range of 1.26-1.46, not far from 1.3. This G+U/A+C ratio seems to be specific in this species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1147-1153
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• 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of feeding trans fat on serum and tissue lipid profiles and fatty acid composition in mice. Forty-five male mice aged at 4 weeks were fed on the 10% palm oil (n-3 deficient group), 20% dried mackerel (n-3 adequate group) and 5% trans fat (trans group) for three months. Total triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were increased in serum, liver and heart of the n-3 deficient and trans groups compared with the n-3 adequate group, while liver HDL-cholesterol levels were lowest in the trans group (p<0.05). In liver and heart, trans group showed higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol compared with the n-3 deficient group (p<0.05). In fatty acid compositions of serum, heart, liver and kidney, the intake of trans fat led to increased percentages of 18:1n-9trans and 18:2n-6trans. The trans group showed similar patterns to the n-3 deficient group, except an increased percentage of 18:2n-6cis. Generally, the n-3 deficient and trans groups showed increased percentages of n-6 fatty acids and decreased percentages of n-3 fatty acids, specially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) compared to the n-3 adequate group (p<0.05). These results indicate that intake of trans fat increased total triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, which may affect risk for cardiovascular mortality.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1986

The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids extracted from leaves and leaf mitochondria, which were sampled from several horicultural plants grown under blue color-deficient sunlight (BCDS), were determined and compared with those from plants grown under natural white colored sunlight(WCS). It was found that the mitochondria isolated from plants grown under BCDS contained phospholipid whose degree of unsaturation in unit of number of double bonds per lipid molecule was remarkably higher than that from plants grown under WCS, the relative increment being $8{\sim}49%$. This was significantly larger than the relative increment, $4{\sim}8%$ for total phospholipid extracted from whole leaves grown under BCDS campared to WCS. This observation demonstrated that the blue light effect of sunlight on the chemical property of cellular membranes, as long as it was concerned with fatty acid composition, arose mainly at the mitochondrial membrane. Also observing that the degree of unsaturation of mitochondrial phospholipid was much lower than that of total phospholipid, it was interpreted that this was the consequence of rather active oxidative destruction of lipid-fatty acid components occuring in mitochondrial membrane by the reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide($O_2-$), which was known to be produced in mitochondrial inner membrane through the side reactions of the respiratory electron transport chain and also probably through the photosensitized reaction involving oxygen induced by blue colored light. Thus, it may be tentatively concluded that the extent of photosensitization in mitochondrial membrane could be considerably reduced under BCDS resulting in lowering of the $O_2-$ level in the respirating organelle The possible involvement of photodynamic action in membrane oxidation was also indicated by the fact that the typical fat-soluble antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, was found to be contained on a higher level in leaves under BCDS than those under WCS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.674-682
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• 1988

Total lipids from the roe, muscle and viscus of L. carinata were analyzed for lipid composition by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The roe lipids were characterized by a high level of wax esters (63.1%) and a low proportion of trigiycerides (9.9%). The viscus lipids also contained wax esters (32.8%) as its main component, followed by free fatty alcohols and acids (23.5%). On the other hand, the muscle lipids were found to contain a large amount of triglycerides (66.1%) with a trace of wax esters. The main fatty alcohol component of roe and viscus wax esters was C16:0 alcohol (53.0%; 61.7%), accompanied by C18:1 alcohol (10.2%) in the former and by C15:0 alcohol (8.8%) in the latter. Considerable amounts of odd-numbered fatty alcohols were found in both wax esters. On the other hand, the fatty acids of the roe and viscus wax esters contained a high percentage of monounsaturated (49.7%-56.6%) consisting of C16:1, C18:1 and C17:1 acid, and a significant amount of polyunsaturated (41.2%-32.9%), particularly C20:5${\omega}$3. The fatty acid components of triglycerides and phospholipids were different among the tissues tested, especially between roe and muscle or viscus. The fatty acid compositions of free fatty acids from the muscle and viscus were characterized by a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.0-34.3%) compared to those of triglycerides 'in the roe, muscle and viscus (28.4%, 19.4% and 19.2%).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 1988

Contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids of seed oils of 16 species of the Labiatae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Lipid contents of seeds were shown to be 40.6％ in Perilla frutescens Britton var. japonica, 32.2％ in P. frutescens britton var. acuta, 31.9％ in lsodon japonicus, 32.7% in l. inflexus, 48.3％ in l. serra, 35.1％ in Mosls dianthera, 38.2％ in M. punctulata, 33.4％ in Nepeta cataria, 26.3％ in Agastache rugosa, 30.9％ in Eisholtzia ciliata, 18.9％ in Salvia splendens, 23.9％ in Lycopus maackianus, 49.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum, 30.9％ in Ametystea caerulea, 33.1％ in Leonurus sibircus and 34.3％ in Scutellaria basicalensis. 2) Contents of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids from the seed oils amounted to 98.6％, 0.7％, 0.8％ in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica; 95.5％, 1.3％, 3.1％ in P. frutescens Britton var. acuta; 95.1％, 1.8％, 3.1％ in l. japoincus; 91.4％, 3.5％, 5.1％ in l. inflexus; 96.8％, 0.7％, 2.5％ in l, serra; 96.0％, 1.8％, 2.2％ in Mosla dianthera; 94.7％, 2.0％, 3.3％ in M. punctulata; 90.1％, 2.4％, 7.5％ in Nepeta cataria; 90.1％, 3.4％, 6.5％ in Agastache rugosa; 86.3％, 3.3％, 10.4％ in Elsholtzia ciliata; 94.3％, 1.5％, 4.3％ in Salvia splendens; 87.2％, 2.9％, 9.0％ in Lycopus maackianus; 87.0％, 1.5％, 11.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum; 91.8％, 1.6％, 6.6％; 95.5％, 0.4％, 4.1％ in Leonurus sibricus; 89.0％, 1.4％, 9.6％ in Scutellaria baicalensis. 3) Total lipids revealed the predominace of unsaturated fatty acids (82.0-94.5％) and larger variations were found in the composition of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-67.9％) and linoleic acid (11.2-82.9％). High level of ${\alpha}-linoenic$ acid was present in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica (67.9％), P. frutescens Britton var, acuta (66.0％), lsodon japonicus (65.2％), l. inflexus (59.0％), l. serra (57.3％), Mosla dianthera (60.9％), Nepeta cataria (58.3％), Agastache rugosa (58.5％) and Elsholtzia ciliata (46.2％), and followed by linoleic acid (11.2-32.1％) and oleic acid (9.3-12.2％). However, linoleic acid was the most predominant component in the total lipids of Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum (62.4％), Ametystea caerules (82.9％), Leonurus sibricus (60.9％) and Scutellaria baicalensis (63.4％), with very small amounts of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-3.1％). The total lipids of Salvia splendens, Lycopus maackianus and Mosla punctulata also contained linoleic acid of 31.3％, 48.8％ and 53.4％, with a considerable amount of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of 34.5％ 27.0％ and 16.7％. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid in all the oils investigated (4.1-14.2％). 4) Fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids bore a close resemblance to those of total lipids in all the seed oils, but different from those of glycolipids and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition pattern of glycolipids and phospholipids showed a considerably increased level of saturated fatty acids (19.0-66.8％, 17.8-35.2％) mainly composed of palmitic acid and stearic acid, and a noticeable low level of unsaturated fatty acids (41.2-80.9％, 64.7-82.1％) which was ascribed to the decrease in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of high ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid seed oils, and in linoleic acid of high linoleic seed oils, compared to that of total lipids and neutral lipids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1142-1147
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• 2008

For the effective use of cultured red seabream, the muscle color, taste and nutrition components between red seabreams cultured by feeding and starving were compared. The proximate composition of red seabream muscle cultured by starving (RCS) was 72.7% moisture, 21.1% protein, 3.7% lipid and 1.4% crude ash. In comparison to red seabream muscle cultured by feeding (RCF), moisture and crude lipid of RCS were each 3% higher and 3% lower. No difference was, however, found in the other proximate compositions. The Hunter color value of RCS was 37.52 for L value, -1.47 for a value, 0.71 for b value and 59.33 for ${\Delta}E$ value, which was slightly higher in the L value than that of red seabream muscle cultured feeding (RCF); however, no differences were found in the other Hunter color values. TCA soluble-N content of RCS was 403.8 mg/100 g, which was higher than that of RCF (314.7 mg/100 g). In taste values, the major free amino acids of both RCS and RCF were glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and histidine. Total amino acid content of RCS was 21.2 g/100 g, which was higher than that of RCF. The mineral content of RCS was slightly higher in potassium than that of RCF, while lower in magnesium. According to the result of sensory evaluation, RCS was superior in taste and texture to RCF, while similar in color and flavor.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.727-738
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding levels and periods of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) on the quality of M. longissimus from gilts (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) at finishing stage. The gilts were fed diets containing 0 (control), 2 and 4% RVS for 5 weeks (the latter feeding periods) and 8 weeks (the first feeding periods+the latter feeding periods) before slaughtering, respectively. Samples were stored at 3±0.2℃ for 8 days. Crude fat content was decreased by feeding diets of 4% RVS (p<0.05). Water-holding capacity (WHC) was higher in RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05). L*(Lightness) value was higher in 5 weeks-RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05). a*(Redness) and b*(yellowness) were not affected by the levels and periods of RVS supplementation. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was lower in RVS treatment than in control (p<0.05), and the 5 weeks with 4% RVS treatment showed the highest antioxidative activity. Fatty acid compositions of pork were changed by RVS feeding levels and periods. The meat supplemented with RVS showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) composition and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio compared with control. The dietary 8 weeks-RVS treatments had lower stearic acid(18:0) and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than in other treatments. Melting point of backfat also decreased by increasing the level and period of RVS supplementation (p<0.05). Therefore, RVS fed pork decreased fat content and melting point, increased WHC and UFA composition, and delayed lipid oxidation during storage.