• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.553-558
• /
• 2014

Microalgae are a promising alternative feedstock for biodiesel production because their growth rates and oil contents are higher than those of conventional energy crops. Microalgal lipid is mainly triacylglyceride that can be converted to biodiesel as fatty acid methyl esters through trans-esterification. In this paper, the influence of several important lipid inducing factors such as nutrient limitation and changes in salinity and metallic components in microalgae and their potential strategies to be used for biodiesel production are reviewed. Depending upon strains/species that we use, microalgae react to stresses by producing different amount of triacylglyceride and/or by altering their fatty acids composition. Although the most widely applied method is the nitrogen starvation, other potential factors, including nutrient surplus conditions and changes in salinity, pH, temperature and metal concentrations, should be considered to increase biodiesel productivity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.71-76
• /
• 2008

This study was performed to examine the effects of onion powder supplementation on lipid metabolism in male SD rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. Experimental groups were control (C), high fat fed group (HF), high fat+onion powder intake (OP), high fat+quercetin intake (Q). The HF diet contained 1% cholesterol, 4% lard, 0.3% Na-taurocholate, and quercetin supplementation level was 0.1 g/kg diet. The OP group showed lower body weight gains compared to the control, while there was no significant difference in food efficiency ratio efficiency. When the proportion of fecal bile acids per total lipids was calculated, there was a significant decrease in the HF group compared to the control group, while the levels of the control group was same as that of the OP group. There was no significant difference between the HF and Q groups in bile acid/total lipid in feces. The amount of total cholesterol in liver increased significantly in HF group compared to the control group, while total cholesterol decreased significantly in the OP group compared to the HF group. There was a significant decrease in GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) activity in OP and Q groups compared to the HF group. In conclusion, feeding onion powder to hyperlipidemic rates appeared to control weight gain, significantly lower the level of total cholesterol in the liver, and recover GOT activity. We also demonstrated that onion powder intake was more effective than quercetin intake.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.178-182
• /
• 1996

Using superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the oxidative stresses induced by 0.1 mM of copper ion $(Cu^{++})$ was studied. In aerobic culture condition, yeasts lacking MnSOD (mitochondrial SOD) showed more significant growth retardation than CuZnSOD (cytoplasmic SOD)-deficient yeasts. However, not so big differences in growth pattern of those mutants compared withwild type were observed under anaerobic condition. It was found that, under aerobic condition, the supplementation of 0.1 mM copper ioh:(Cu") into culture medium caused the remarkable increase of CuZnSOD but not so significant change in MnSOD. It was also observed that catalase activities appeared to be relatively high in the presence of copper ion in spite of the remarkable reduction of glutathion peroxidase in CuZnSOD-deficient yeasts, but the slight increments of catalase and glutathion peroxidase were detected in MnSOD-deficient strains. It implies that the lack of cytoplasmic SOD could be compensated mainly by catalase. However, these phenomena resulted in the significantincrease of cellular lipid peroxides content in CuZnSOD-deficient yeasts and the slight increment of lipid peroxides in MNSOD-deficient cells. In anaerobic cultivation supplementing copper ion, the cellular enzyme activities of catalase and glutathion peroxidase in SOD-deficient yeasts were slightly increased without any significant changes of lipid peroxides in cell membrane. It suggests that a little amount of free radicals generated by copper ion under anaerobic condition could be sufficiently overcome by catalase as well as glutathion peroxidase.dase.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1453-1457
• /
• 1999

The optimal conditions of alkali isomerization to obtain conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrate from vegetable oils which have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties were studied. The result of alkali isomerization of various vegetable oils indicated that CLA content of safflower oil which contains more linoleic acid than any other vegetable oils was the highest of all experimental vegetable oils. During alkali isomerization, the amount of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and total CLA content in safflower oil was the highest at $8{\sim}11%$ KOH concentration and $180{\sim}185^{\circ}C$. But heating time had no effect on CLA formation after $20{\sim}40$ minutes. As a result of alkali isomerization of neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid in safflower oil, CLA content of neutral lipid class was higher than any other lipid classes. By urea treatment and HPLC fractionation, total CLA content in alkali-isomerized safflower oil increased to 95.4% from 78.9%.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2024

Previous artificial latent fingerprint solution has shown unsatisfactory results. Therefore, in this study, we developed an artificial latent fingerprint solution close to the actual fingerprint composition by improving the lipid composition. We mixed lipid solution with amino acid solution at v/v ratios as follows: 2:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:8, 1:10, 1:20. We then dropped the same amount of each proportion of artificial latent fingerprint solution on porous paper and non-porous slide glass. Subsequently, each sample was treated with Oil red O, Cyanoacrylate fuming and Basic yellow 40 staining. As the concentration of lipids decreased, the output also decreased. Both types of surfaces and all concentrations were visually confirmed very well. In addition, the reactivity to lipids was significantly higher compared to the previous artificial latent fingerprint solution. Furthermore, for the quantitative evaluation, it is necessary to conduct additional research on the printing of the artificial latent fingerprint solution.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 1991

Frog legs were stored before and after 30, 60, 90, 120 days at $-30^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$. The amounts of triglycerides, glycolipide and phospholipids by TLC and composition of fatty acids by GC were shown in this experiment, there fore, I have got these following results. 1. The amount of PL in frog legs consisted of 80% of the total lipids before storage. As the days of storage was longer, the amount of TG was increased, while PL and GL were decreased. 2. TG and ES & HC were composed of 66% to 77% of the neutral lipids composition before storage. As the days of storage was longer, the amount of MG, DG. FFA and ES & HC were increased, while FS and TG were decreased. 3. PE and PC were composed of 78% to 81% of the phospholipids composition before storage. As the days of storage was longer, the amount of FA and PS were increased, while PC and PE were decreased. 4. The composition of fatty acids in neutral lipids of frozen frog legs at $-30^{\circ}C$, 120 days was studied, Capric acid. Stearic acid, Behnic acid. Oleic acid and Linoleic acid were increased as compared with initial neutral lipids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.451-459
• /
• 1995

This study was intended to figure out the effects of the amount and the distribution of body fat on the risk fators of adult disease. Sixty-four male college students paticipatied in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist/hip ratio(WHR) into three groups-upper body type(UBTM), intermediate body type (IBTM) and lower body type(LBTM). Various risk factors such as adiposity, body fat ammount, serum lipid amount and blood pressure and their intercorrelations were analyzed. The three bodys type groups showed significant differences each other in weight(P<0.001), WHR showed considerable correlations with BMI and the percentage of body fat. The frequency of obesity assessed by BMI$\geq$25 and body fat percentage were the highest in the UBTM of the three groups. Thus, we could conclude that the closer the body fat distribution is to the upper body type, the higher the BMI and body fat percentage. Waist/girth ratio(WTR, P<0.01) and BMI(P<0.05) were positively correlated with serum triglyceride levels, and % of body fat was positively correlated with both serum triglyceride (P<0.01) and serum total cholesterol(P<0.05) levels. WHR (P<0.05), BMI(P<0.01) and % of body fat(P<0.01) also showed positive correlations with systolic blood pressure. From the above results, we could conclude that body fat distribution was a good index reflecting adiposity and body fat amount and that blood and serum amount of triglyceride was highest in the upper body type group showing the highest frequency of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.289-295
• /
• 2000

In the present work we investigated the effect of regular physical exercise on the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme, plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential(TRAP) and plasma level of lipid peroxidation(malondialdehyde, MDA) in 64 healthy male, aged 34-67 years. The study population were divided in two groups: small amount of exerciser(exercise time less than 10min/d) and moderate amount of exerciser(exercise time more than 20min/d) according to their physical exercise habits measured by a questionnaire. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and catalase(CAT), plasma TRAP, as well as plasma MDA were determined. Erythrocyte GSH-Px and plasma TRAP were higher in moderate amount of exercisers than those in small amount of exercisers by 17% and 26%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in erythrocyte SOD, CAT and plasma MDA between the two groups. Mean exercise time was positively correlated with the erythrocyte GSH-Px activity and plasma TRAP significantly. The results would sugest that regular moderate exercise enhances antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species and may increase the likelihood of a healthier life span.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.143-146
• /
• 2002

Saponins are glycosidic compounds present in many edible and inedible plants. Structurally, they are composed of a lipid-soluble aglycone consisting of either a sterol or, more commonly, a triterpenoid and water-soluble sugar residues differing in type and amount of sugars ［1］. Because of their amphiphilic nature, they are highly surface-active. Their biological activity is closely related to the chemical structures that determine the polarity, hydrophobicith and acidity of compounds ［1］. (omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.12 no.3_4
• /
• pp.85-88
• /
• 1968

To select sclerotia to be used for strain isolation, water-soluble and water-insoluble alkaloids contents of the sclerotia of ergot fungus were determined. The sclerotia parasitic on the genus Elymus were found to contain greater amount of the alkaloids, up to 1.44%, than the sclerotia from the genus Agropyron. The major portion of the total alkaloid contents was the water-insoluble alkaloids. No correlation was found between the alkaloid contents and the lipid contents of the sclerotia analyzed.