• ALGAE
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2003

Histones are important proteins that interact with the DNA double helix to form nucleosome. Two putative histone genes, GjH2A-1 and GjH2A-2 were isolated from a red alga Griffithsia japonica. The putative open reading frame of GjH2A-1 and GjH2A-2 shared high similarity with the previously reported amino acid sequences of histone H2As. They have a motif consisting of seven amino acids A-G-L-Q-F-P-V, which matches the histone H2A motif [AC]-G-L-x-F-P-V. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from amino acid sequences of 38 histone H2As. The histone H2As were divided into two groups: major H2As and H2A.F/Z variants. The major histone H2A group consisted of animals, fungi, plants + green algae, and red algae H2A subgroups. The animal histone H2A subgroup was divided into vertebrates, echinoderms, nematodes, insects, and segmented worms H2As. The putative red algal histone genes, GjH2A-1 and GjH2A-2, constituted an independent lineage. This is the first report on red algal histone genes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.436-442
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• 2006

Different proliferation of neuroblast 6-4 (NB6-4) in the thorax and abdomen produces segmental specific expression pattern of several neuroblast marker genes. NB6-4 is divided to form four medialmost cell body glia (MM-CBG) per segment in thorax and two MM-CBG per segment in abdomen. As homeotic genes determine the identities of embryonic segments along the A/P axis, we investigated if temporal and specific expression of homeotic genes affects MM-CBG patterns in thorax and abdomen. A Ubx loss-of-function mutation was found to hardly affect MM-CBG formation, whereas abd-A and Abd-B caused the transformation of abdominal MM-CBG to their thoracic counterparts. On the other hand, gain-of-function mutants of Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B genes reduced the number of thoracic MM-CBG, indicating that thoracic MM-CBG resembled abdominal MM-CBG. However, mutations in Polycomb group (PcG) genes, which are negative transregulators of homeotic genes, did not cause the thoracic to abdominal MM-CBG pattern transformation although the number of MM-CBG in a few percent of embryos were partially reduced or abnormally patterned. Our results indicate that temporal and spatial expression of the homeotic genes is important to determine segmental-specificity of NB6-4 daughter cells along the anterior-posterior (A/P) axis.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2005

Ancient cattle bones were excavated from archaeological sites in Jeju, Korea. We used molecular genetic techniques to identify the species and establish its relationship to extant cattle breeds. Ancient DNA was extracted from four sources: a humerus (Gonae site, A.D. 700-800), two fragments of radius, and a tooth (Kwakji site, A.D. 0-900). The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop regions were cloned, sequenced, and compared with previously reported sequences of various cattle breeds (9 Asian, 8 European, and 3 African). The results revealed that these bones were of the breed, Bos taurus, and a phylogenetic tree indicated that the four cattle bones formed a monophyletic group with Jeju native black cattle. However, the patterns of sequence variation and reports from archaeological sites suggest that a few wild cattle, with a different maternal lineage, may have existed on Jeju Island. Our results will contribute to further studies of the origin of Jeju native cattle and the possible existence of local wild cattle.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2014

The genus Echinochloa (L.) P. Beauv. comprised of approximately 30-40 species in the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world, including numerous interspecific and intraspecific types which make the genus difficult to identify. As an attempt to identify the species within the genus easier, the taxonomy of the genus Echinochloa, Poaceae in Korea was reviewed on the basis of sequencing data derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribe spacer and chloroplast DNA trnL intron, trnL-F intergenic spacer and matK regions using a total of 46 accessions representing all the species in Korea. The results of maximum parsimony found separate lineage comprised of E. colona and E. frumentaceae which are not Korean species, but no resolution within Korean Echinochloa species, supporting the suggestion of Yamaguchi group that E. crus-galli, E. oryzoides, and E. esculenta should be considered to belong to the same species. However, the relationship between these three species and the other species, i.e. E. oryzicola should be better understood with more detail studies.

• ALGAE
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.185-204
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• 2022

The genus Coolia A. Meunier 1919 has a global distribution and is a common member of epiphytic dinoflagellate assemblages in neritic ecosystems. Coolia monotis is the type species of the genus and was the only known species for 76 years. Over the past few decades, molecular characterization has unveiled two species complexes that group morphologically very similar species, so their limits are often unclear. To provide new knowledge on the biogeography and species composition of the genus Coolia, 16 strains were isolated from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California. The species were identified by applying morphological and molecular approaches. The morphometric characteristics of all isolated Coolia species were consistent with the original taxa descriptions. Phylogenetic analyses (large subunit [LSU] rDNA D1 / D2 and internal transcribed spacer [ITS] 1 / 5.8S / ITS2) revealed a species assemblage comprising Coolia malayensis, C. palmyrensis, C. tropicalis, and the C. cf. canariensis lineage. This is the first report of Coolia palmyrensis and C. cf. canariensis in Mexico and C. tropicalis in the Gulf of California. Our results strengthen the biogeographical understanding of these potentially harmful epiphytic dinoflagellate species.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.1085-1101
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• 2012

This study, guided by Engeström's (1999, 2001) activity theory which owes its theoretical lineage to sociocultural theory, explores how roles (peer feedback givers and receivers) and tasks are distributed among EFL students who engage in peer response. More specifically, as an extension of previous research of focusing on "stances" ESL students adopt, I investigate whether different roles in peer response groups make a difference in the nature of peer response and identify what underlays the different roles in peer group interaction. In addition, I examine whether different roles to the peer response create tensions and contradictions in peer response and how these created conflicts lead to changes in peer response activity system. The data I wish to consider is first-person narratives elicited from two EFL college students. I use Won's and Choi's (both pseudonyms) stories as a heuristic, which is a method that allowing one to proceed fruitfully in finding information. Foregrounded in this study are the students' different roles in the same peer response activity. A division of labor exists between Won/Choi and their peers - the way tasks are divided up and the way roles are structured. Yet Won and Choi adopted rather divergent roles when participating in peer response activity and carried out qualitatively different peer response activities. It is obvious here that the distribution of their roles in carrying out this particular peer response is shaped by Won' and Choi's perception about the validity of their peers' responses.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2023

The art of carpet weaving is the most habitual form of traditional art in Azerbaijan, it reflects a rich inner world and occupies a special place in the history of a national culture's development. The Azerbaijani carpet has always stood out for its plots, ornaments, compositions, and high quality and the Azerbaijani people, faithful to their spiritual values, have protected and developed it throughout the centuries. In this article, several Ganja-Gazakh-type carpets from the Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum collection and their artistic and technical characteristics are discussed. Specimens of material, sacred language, and ornamentation are considered. The deepest meaning is embodied in tamga in particular. Tamga is a unique phenomenon serving as an amulet, lineage sign, and self-identification of Turkic peoples. The Gazakh carpets of the Ganja-Gazakh type cover the Gazakh region of Azerbaijan, the Borchali region of Georgia, and the Goycha Lake region of Armenia. Karapapakh Azerbaijani Turks have inhabited these areas since ancient times. Tarakama (nomads) are often equated with the name Karapapakh (black hat). One of the densely populated regions of Tarakama is Gazakh. Gazakh, Garagoyunlu, Salahli, Shikhli, Kamarli, Damirchilar, Gaymagli, Goycali, Daghkasaman, Oysuzlu, Gachagan, and pile carpets with different compositions are woven in the Gazakh carpet weaving center. Large, simple in form, step-shaped or hook-like medallions, horn-shaped patterns, animal images, and stamps with symbols of ancient Turkic tribes characterize the Gazakh carpet weaving group.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

노루오줌속(Astilbe)은 동아시아와 북미 동부에 격리되어 분포하는 양상을 보이는 속으로 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 노루오줌속 및 근연 속을 대표하는 17종의 핵 리보솜 DNA의 ITS 염기서열에 기초한 계통수를 제작하여 노루오줌속의 분류, 형질 진화 및 계통지리에 대하여 고찰하였다. 베이스 추론법 등을 통해 계통수를 제작한 결과 Saxifragopsis가 노루오줌속의 자매군임이 확인되었고, 단성화, 무화피화, 7~11개로 갈라지는 꽃받침 등의 형질상태를 지니는 것으로 알려진 일본 고유종, A. platyphylla는 노루오줌속 계통수의 기부에서 가장 먼저 분리되었다. 북미에 격리 분포하는 분류군인 A. biternata 및 중국과 동남아시아에 분포하는 A. rivularis는 노루오줌속의 진화 초기에 갈라진 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편, 화피가 있는 나머지 종들은 하나의 핵심군으로 확고하게 무리를 지었다. 핵심군 내에서는 일본, 대만, 필리핀 등지에 분포하는 종들("Japonica" clade) 이 단계통군을 이루었고, 중국 및 한국에 분포하는 종인 A. rubra var. rubra(노루오줌)과 A. koreana(숙은노루오줌), 즉 "Rubra" clade는 이들과 명확히 구분되는 진화 계열로 나타났다. A. biternata의 기원과 격리분포는 베링육교(Bering land bridges)를 통해 이루어진 것으로 추정되었다. 대만에 분포하는 2종과 A. philippinensis는 일본에 분포하는 분류군이 남하하면서 갈라져 나온 것으로 해석되었다. 노루오줌속 내에서 무화피화는 원시적 형질상태였으며, 이 형질상태는 적어도 두 개의 진화 계열에서 각각 독립적으로 기원하였을 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구결과는 노루오줌속을 분류함에 있어서 잎의 유형(단엽/복엽)을 중요시했던 Engler의 분류 체계를 지지하지 않았으며, 꽃받침의 형태를 일차적으로 고려했던 Hara의 분류 견해를 지지하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.376-382
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• 2019

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai has been used as an herbal medicine in Eastern Asia for treating disorders in women for a long time. To date there are no studies on the genetic diversity of A. gigas. The present study aimed to study the genetic diversity of A. gigas variants using genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Methods and Results: The genetic diversity of 199 variants of A. gigas cultivated in of different regions, was analyzed using 5 genome-wide SSR markers. The results revealed that the genetic variants were very diverse, and genetic analysis using the 5 SSR markers revealed high diversity among the variants. Conclusions: It is expected that the development of the true Angleical cultivar, by studying the system and group selection, can be achieved by genetic analysis using the developed markers, for generating a genetically fixed lineage and group selection.

• ALGAE
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2002

The transition of plant life from aquatic algae to land to land plants was one of the major events in the history of life. However, in hypothesizing the exact evolutionary path of the transition, limited shared phenotypic characters in aquatic algae and land plants (embryophytes) have been a major hinderance. Chloroplast genomes contain characters useful in tracing evolutionary histories. Embryophyte chloroplast genomes are distinguished from algal cpDNAs by having over 20 group Ⅱ introns, some of which were gained during the transition from algae to embryophytes (Manhart and Palmer 1990; Lew and Manhart 1993;Lee and Manhart 2002). Here we examine a gene cluster that, in land plants, contains psbB, psbT, psbH, petB and petD with introns found in petB and petD (petB.i and petD.i). In addition the presence/absence of introns in trnA and trnI (trnA.i and trnI.i) were determined in all five major lineages of charophytes. We found that the psbB gene cluster occurs in most surveyed charophytes and embryophytes except Spirogyra (Zygnematales) which lacks it due to intra-genomic rearrangement. All four introns are absent in Chlorokybus but present in some or all of the other four charophyte lineages (Klebsormidiales, Zygnematales, Coleochaetales, and Charales). In addition, Chlorokybus is distinguished from other charophytes and embryophytes by having an unusually long spacer (over 2 kb) between psbH-petB. The results indicate that Chlorokybus diverged before the intron gains but after psbB gene cluster formation, placing the other charophyte lineages closer to embryophytes.