• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

Korea's natural parks are managed by dividing them into four use districts: nature preservation district, natural environment district, cultural heritage district, and park village district within the park under the goal of 'conservation and sustainable use of natural parks'. However, the use districts divided in this way are designated by reflecting the results derived from the simple drawing overlapping method, and there is a limit in that objective and scientific evidence for this is insufficient. In addition, in Taeanhaean National Park, the case of this study, only a very small area of less than 1% of the nature preservation district is designated, and the natural environment district that serves as a buffer space is designated on an excessively wide scale, making it difficult to efficiently manage the national park. Therefore, the use district is not fulfilling its role. In this study, the purpose of this study was to present a method for analyzing the spatial characteristics of natural parks using environmental indicators and unsupervised learning analysis methods to set the use districts of natural parks. In this study, evaluation indicators that can evaluate the natural and human environments were derived, and the distribution patterns for each indicator were analyzed. Afterwards, by applying Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analysis, one of the unsupervised learning analysis methods, districts with similar characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and the characteristics of each district were analyzed. As a result of the study, 7 districts with different characteristics were derived in Taeanhaean National Park, and by examining the contribution of each indicator together, it was possible to reveal that each district had different representative characteristics even though it was an adjacent area. This study evaluated natural parks by comprehensively considering the indicators of the natural and human environments. In addition, the SOM method used in the study is meaningful in that it can provide scientific and objective grounds for the existing zoning and apply it to the management plan.

• 의정연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.71-109
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• 2021

본 연구는 의원들의 본회의 투표결정에 영향을 주는 요인이 무엇인지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 특히 본 논문은 국내의 기존 연구에서 다루어지지 않았던 법안 발의에 참여했음에도 심사배제 청원(discharge petition)이나 본회의 표결에서 반대 의견을 표출하는 와플링(waffling), 그리고 기권을 행사하는 전략적 와플링의 원인과 특징에 대해 알아보는 것에 초점을 맞추었다. 이를 위해 2021년 2월 국회를 통과한 가덕도신공항 특별법을 분석 대상으로 하여 통계적 방법을 통해 의원들의 투표결정에 영향을 미친 요인과 의원들의 법안 발의 참여 요인, 그리고 와플링이 나타난 이유를 살펴보았다. 통계분석 결과, 가덕도특별법 법안의 발의에는 연령, 법안 표결 참여에는 선수와 소속 정당, 법안 찬성 여부에는 소속 정당과 지역구가 영향을 미친다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 와플링에 대한 분석 결과 다선의원일수록 표결에 참여하지 않은 경향이 나타났는데 이는 의정경험이 많은 의원들이 전략적 와플링을 통해 잠재적 이익을 얻을 것이라 판단했다고 해석할 수 있다. 가덕도신공항 법안에 대한 한정된 분석을 통해 국회의원들의 의사결정과 와플링을 이해하는 것은 한계가 있다. 그러나 의원들이 모호한 상황에서 회피 전략을 선택하는 경향이 크다는 다른 연구 결과들을 참고해 볼 때, 그리고 가덕도신공항 법안이 앞으로 미칠 영향력을 누구보다도 잘 아는 의원들의 높은 정보력을 감안한다면 단계별 상황에서 의원들이 보여준 의사결정은 의정경험에서 얻은 신중한 판단이라 말할 수 있다. 이러한 결과가 의미하는 것은 단순하게 본회의 표결 찬반 여부에 대해 관심을 갖기보다는 법안 발의 때부터 관심이 필요하며, 이를 통해 의원들의 결정을 이해해야 할 필요가 있음을 보여주는 것이다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.111-111
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• 2022

According to data from the Ministry of Environment, food waste accounted for 27% of the nation5 s household waste in 2020, and 4.67 million tons of food waste is being discharged per year. According to the Food Waste Direct Landfill Prohibition Act, food waste must be incinerated, composted, fodder, and decomposed before landfilling. The cost of incineration and landfilling of food waste is considerable. Therefore, through the process of turning food waste into fertilizer, we are going to investigate the limit of crop application and the change in the growth of crops during continuous use of food waste fertilizer. This study investigated the growth of lettuce such as shoot length, root length, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight after treating lettuce with food waste dry powder mixed fertilizer. The experiment was carried out continuously in 2021 (1st year) and 2022 (2nd year), and the treatment groups were set to No Treatment (NT), Chemical Fertilizer (CF), Mixed Fertilizer (MF×1), and Mixed Fertilizer×2 (MF×2), was repeated 3 times. As a result of the 1st year growth survey, there was no significant difference between NT and CF in the case of shoot length, but MF×1 and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT. Root length was not significantly different in all treatment groups. As for the leaf number, there was no significant difference between NT and MF×1, but CF and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT. In fresh weight, MF×1 and MF×2 were significantly decreased compared to NT, and in the case of dry weight, there was no significant difference between NT, MF×1, and MF×2. As a result of the 2nd year growth survey, there was a significant difference in CF and MF×2 in leaf number, but there was no significant difference in all treatment groups with respect to shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight. Through continuous additional research, it is necessary to confirm the change in soil composition and the growth of crops due to food waste fertilizer treatment.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.166-178
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• 2024

Objectives: The 12 occupational exposure limits(OELs) for chromium and its compounds in Korea were set by applying the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). However, this is significantly different from the TLVs after the existing TLVs were integrated and withdrawn in 2018, so it is necessary to review the revision. Methods: Various documents related to chromium OELs were reviewed, including the ACGIH TLV Documentations for chromium and its compounds. A field survey was conducted targeting workplaces handling chromium and its compounds. Based on this, a revised OELs were proposed and a socio-economic evaluation was conducted. Results: The OELs for chromium compounds in Korea was first enacted in 2002, and in 2007, the OELs for chromium (hexavalent) compounds (insoluble) was lowered from 0.05 mg/m³ to 0.01 mg/m³. In 2008, the OELs for strontium chromate was newly established as 0.0005 mg/m³, and in 2018, the OELs for calcium chromate was newly established as 0.001 mg/m³. Total chromium and hexavalent chromium were measured for each of 6 samples at 2 welding sites, 4 plating sites, and 2 spray coating sites. When omparing the average of the results measured by ICP, a total chromium analysis method, and the analysis results by IC, a hexavalent chromium analysis method, only workplace 4 was the same, and total chromium was evaluated more, and total chromium was evaluated at 0.0004 to 0.0027 mg/m³. And hexavalent chromium was evaluated as non-detection ~ 0.0014 mg/m³. Amendment ①: The exposure standard for hexavalent chromium is not divided into water soluble, insoluble, chromium ore processing, and other hexavalent chromium compounds, and is integrated into 0.01 mg/m³, which is the level of chromium (hexavalent) compound (insoluble)., OELs for chromium (metal) and chromium (trivalent) compounds are integrated into chromium (trivalent) compounds, and the exposure level is maintained. Amendment ②: As in the amendment ①, the OELs are integrated, but the level is lowered to 0.005 mg/m³, which is the OELs of OSHA, and there is a grace period of 4 years. Amendment ③: As in the amendment ①, the OELs are integrated, but the level is lowered to 0.0002 mg/m³, which is the exposure standard of ACGIH, and there is a grace period of 5 years. Conclusions: Amendment ①: The change in the OELs is insignificant, so the cost required is small, and the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1, so there is no problem in applying the amendment. Amendment ②: In all scenarios except chromium 6(insoluble), the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1, so it is thought that there will be no major problem in applying the amendment. Amendment ③: Since the benefit/cost ratio is less than 1 in all scenarios, it is thought that the total social benefit that can be obtained when applying the amendment is not large.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analyse the problems of 'Science Inquiry Experiment Contest(SIEC)' which was one of 8 programs of 'The 2nd Student Science Inquiry Olympic Meet(SSIOM)'. The results and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. It needs to reconsider the role of practical work within science experiment because practical work skills form one of the mainstays in current science. But the assessment of students' laboratory skills in the contest was made little account of. It is necessary to remind of what it means to be 'good at science'. There are two aspects: knowing and doing. Both are important and, in certain respects, quite distinct. Doing science is more of a craft activity, relying more on craft skill and tacit knowledge than on the conscious application of explicit knowledge. Doing science is also divided into two aspects, 'process' and 'skill' by many science educators. 2. The report's and checklist's assessment items were overlapped. Therefore it was suggested that the checklist assessment items were set limit to the students' acts which can't be found in reports. It is important to identify those activities which produce a permanent assessable product, and those which do not. Skills connected with recording and reporting are likely to produce permanent evidence which can be evaluated after the experiment. Those connected with manipulative skills involving processes are more ephemeral and need to be assessed as they occur. The division of student's experimental skills will contribute to the accurate assess of student's scientific inquiry experimental ability. 3. There was a wide difference among the scores of one participant recorded by three evaluators. This means that there was no concrete discussion among the evaluators before the contest. Despite the items of the checklists were set by preparers of the contest experiments, the concrete discussions before the contest were necessary because students' experimental acts were very diverse. There is a variety of scientific skills. So it is necessary to assess the performance of individual students in a range of skills. But the most of the difficulties in the assessment of skills arise from the interaction between measurement and the use. To overcome the difficulties, not only must the mark needed for each skill be recorded, something which all examination groups obviously need, but also a description of the work that the student did when the skill was assessed must also be given, and not all groups need this. Fuller details must also be available for the purposes of moderation. This is a requirement for all students that there must be provision for samples of any end-product or other tangible form of evidence of candidates' work to be submitted for inspection. This is rather important if one is to be as fair as possible to students because, not only can this work be made available to moderators if necessary, but also it can be used to help in arriving at common standards among several evaluators, and in ensuring consistent standards from one evaluator over the assessment period. This need arises because there are problems associated with assessing different students on the same skill in different activities. 4. Most of the students' reports were assessed intuitively by the evaluators despite the assessment items were established concretely by preparers of the experiment. This result means that the evaluators were new to grasp the essence of the established assessment items of the experiment report and that the students' assessment scores were short of objectivity. Lastly, there are suggestions from the results and the conclusions. The students' experimental acts which were difficult to observe because they occur in a flash and which can be easily imitated should be excluded from the assessment items. Evaluators are likely to miss the time to observe the acts, and the students who are assessed later have more opportunity to practise the skill which is being assessed. It is necessary to be aware of these problems and try to reduce their influence or remove them. The skills and processes analysis has made a very useful checklist for scientific inquiry experiment assessment. But in itself it is of little value. It must be seen alongside the other vital attributes needed in the making of a good scientist, the affective aspects of commitment and confidence, the personal insights which come both through formal and informal learning, and the tacit knowledge that comes through experience, both structured and acquired in play. These four aspects must be continually interacting, in a flexible and individualistic way, throughout the scientific education of students. An increasing ability to be good at science, to be good at doing investigational practical work, will be gained through continually, successively, but often unpredictably, developing more experience, developing more insights, developing more skills, and producing more confidence and commitment.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

자동노출제어를 이용한 X선 흉부촬영에서 AEC 위치를 알 수 있도록 고안 된 AEC 표지자 사용에 따른 환자 피폭선량 감소 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 흉부전용 디지털 X선 장비(DRS, LISTEM, Korea)를 이용하여 흉부촬영 검사를 하여야 하는 성인 남녀 880명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상환자 모두에서 자동노출제어(이온 전리조 양측 상단 2개 사용) 사용하여 촬영하였다. 조사야 크기는 $17{\times}17inch$, 관전압은 120kVp, 촬영거리는 180cm로 설정 하였다. 대조군 440명은 Detector 내에 양측 폐가 위치하도록 하여 촬영하였고, 실험군 440명은 이온 전리조 위치를 방사선사가 알 수 있도록 표지자를 만든 후 이온 전리조 위치에 양측 폐를 위치 할 수 있도록하여 촬영하였다. 모든 환자의 나이, 몸무게, 키와 DAP 값을 측정 하였으며, PCXMC2.0을 이용하여 환자의 유효선량 값을 계산 하였다. 대조군 440명(M:F=245:195)의 평균 나이는 53.9세였으며, 평균 BMI는 23.4였다. BMI 분포는 저체중 35명, 정상 279명, 과체중 106명, 비만 20명이었고, 평균 DAP는 $223.56mGycm^2$, 평균유효선량은 0.045mSv 였다. 실험군 440명(M:F=197:243)의 평균 나이는 53.7세 였고, 평균BMI는 22.7이었다. BMI 분포는 저체중 34명, 정상 316명, 과체중 85명, 비만 5명이었고, 평균 DAP는 $207.36mGycm^2$, 평균유효선량은 0.041mSv 였다. 평균유효선량은 실험군이 대조군에 비해 0.004mSv(9.7%) 감소하였다. 실험군 유효선량 표준편차의 2배인 0.056mSv 이상의 과다피폭을 받은 환자는 실험군에 비하여 대조군에서 많았다 (65명(14.7%) 대 19명(4.3%), p=0.006, t-test). 자동노출제어를 이용한 X선 흉부촬영에서 환자에 맞는 정확한 선량을 위해서는 이온 전리조 위치와 검사부위를 일치 시켜야 하며 따라서 이온 전리조 위치를 알 수 있도록 고안한 표시 방법은 환자가 받을 수 있는 불필요한 방사선 피폭을 줄일 수 있는 방법이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

국내 신규 살충제로 등록되어진 sulfoxaflor에 대해 농산물 중 잔류실태를 조사하기 위하여 HPLC-UVD와 LC-MS를 이용한 시험법을 개발하였다. Sulfoxaflor 시험법의 회수율은 시료별 적당한 추출 및 정제 방법을 적용한 결과 현미, 감자, 감귤, 사과, 배, 고추, 대두에서 0.05, 0.4 및 0.5 mg/kg 수준에서 82.8-108.2%이었다. 회수율에 대한 모든 분석오차는 10% 미만으로 CODEX 잔류물질 분석 가이드라인에 만족하였다. 분석을 위한 기기 조건에서 sulfoxaflor의 정량한계는 0.05 mg/kg이었으며 0.1-5.0 mg/kg 범위에서 상관계수($R^2$) 0.999 이상의 높은 직선성을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 잔류농약 시험법은 농산물을 대상으로 효과적인 시료 전처리 방법과 최적의 정제 과정을 확립하여 다양한 농산물에 대한 잔류량 검출이 적당함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 확립한 sulfoxaflor의 잔류시험법은 국제적 분석 기준을 만족할 뿐만 아니라 LC-MS를 이용한 잔류분의 재확인한 결과를 살펴볼 때 분석과정의 신뢰성 또한 확보할 수 있어 식품공전 공정시험법으로 사용될 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권5_1호
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• pp.947-958
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• 2021

본 연구는 무인비행체에 탑재해서 활용되고 있는 다중분광 센서의 센서별 반사율 및 식생지수를 산정하여 시계열 작황분석을 위한 센서별, 센서간 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. RedEdge-MX, S110 NIR, Sequioa, P4M 등 4종의 무인비행체 탑재 다중분광센서에 대하여 2020년 9월 14일과 9월 15일에 걸쳐 오전, 오후 각 1회, 총 4회씩 항공영상을 촬영하고 반사율 및 NDVI를 산정하여 비교하였다. 반사율의 경우 모든 센서에서 시계열 변동계수가 평균 약 10% 이상의 값을 보여 활용에는 한계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 작물 시험구에 대한 센서별 NDVI 변동계수는 식생이 우거져 활력도가 높은 시험구에서 평균 1.2~3.6%의 값을 보여 5% 이내의 변동성을 보였다. 그러나 이는 청천일의 변동계수에 비해서는 높은 값을 보인 것으로서 실험 기간 동안 오전, 오후에 구름 등 기상환경이 달랐기 때문으로 판단되며 시계열 작황 분석을 위한 정밀 NDVI 산정 시에는 일정한 광 환경을 유지할 수 있는 촬영 계획 수립과 이행이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 무인비행체 다중분광센서 간 NDVI를 상호 비교한 결과 본 실험에서는 RedEdeg-MX 센서의 경우 안정적인 광 환경 내에서 동종의 센서를 여러 대 사용하더라도 NDVI 값의 특별한 보정 없이 함께 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. RedEdge-MX, P4M, Sequioa 센서는 상호 선형적인 관계를 보였으나 NDVI 간의 off-set 보정을 통한 공동 활용 가능성 평가를 위해서는 보완 실험이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제67호
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• pp.297-325
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• 2017

이 글은 묵가의 의리관과 그것을 기초로 한 "겸애"에 대한 분석을 통해서 묵가의 이념적 특성을 고찰한 것이다. 공자와 묵자를 비롯한 제자 백가에서 의리관이 주요 의제가 되기 이전에도 이미 이에 대한 논의가 있었으며, 그것은 대체로 "의"와 "리"를 본말(本末) 혹은 체용(體用) 관계로 파악하였다. 이러한 경향을 계승하고 개인의 도덕적 표준으로 설정한 것이 공자를 비롯한 유가의 입장이었다. 물론 유가의 눈높이는 당시의 위정자 혹은 지도자에 초점을 맞춘 것이다. 이에 비해 묵가에서는 자기 집단의 구성원의 입장을 대변하여 개인보다는 집단과 사회의 공동의 이익 추구를 도모하였다. 따라서 유가에서 "의"를 "리"보다 중시한 데 비해, 묵가는 양자를 통일적으로 이해할 수 있었다. 묵가가 전국시대에 가장 왕성하게 활동할 수 있었던 결정적인 이유는 "하늘의 뜻"에 그것의 형이상학적 기반을 두었기 때문이다. 이에 수반하여 내부적으로 묵가의 의리관은 "겸애"를 비롯한 묵가의 핵심적인 주장에 그대로 반영되었다. 그것이 이른바 "겸상애, 교상리", 말하자면 "서로 사랑하는 것이 곧 서로 이롭게 해주는 일이다." 한편 묵가의 의리관, 나아가 겸애를 비롯한 십대 주장의 이념적 기반이 "하늘의 뜻"이었다는 것은 양날의 검이 되었다. 왜냐하면 그것은 당시 묵가 구성을 비롯한 노동자, 농민, 수공업자들의 눈높이에는 쉽게 수용될 수 있었지만, 진한(秦漢) 봉건제국이 성립되면서부터는 오히려 쇠망의 길로 들어서는 계기가 되었기 때문이다. 봉건제국에서는 개별집단으로의 묵가의 이념과 활동은 용납되기 어려웠다. 예컨대 "최고 통치자" 위에 "하늘"(상제)을 설정하는 방식은 정권의 정당성과 합리성에 결정적 제약이 되었을 것이다. 또한 묵가의 "절용", "절장", "비악" 등의 주장은 기득권으로서는 더욱 받아들이기 어려웠다. 따라서 이후 청대 서세동점(西勢東漸)에 이르기까지 묵가는 유가와 달리 학파로서의 활동은 거의 보이지 않게 되었다. 요컨대 역사적으로 묵가의 겸애를 비롯한 이념은 유토피아적 구상에 그치고 말았지만, 유가와 상대적으로 사회적 약자의 입장에서 상호간의 사랑과 배려, 아울러 상호 이익을 공유한다는 이념은 오늘날에도 음미할 만한 가치가 있다.