• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.2 s.34
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• pp.7-20
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• 2003

The main buildings of the important Buddhist temples - the pagoda, the Buddhist sanctum, the lecture hall - was surrounded by the cloister until Koryo Dynasty. And the Buddhist sanctum was located the center. It meant that the Buddhist sanctum was important building. It is very important thing that we understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the unified space by the organic function of the interior space and the exterior space. But there is not so much the study on the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum. So, the purpose of this study is to understand of the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times. Till now, it was impossible that the Buddhist monk or the General public entered the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times because they regarded the Buddhist sanctum as the place of sacrosanctity and the floor was finished by bricks. But, we saw that they could enter the Buddhist sanctum. Of course the floor of the Buddhist sanctum was finished by bricks, but they spread mats on the floor, took off his shoes in the interior space and used the furniture for sitting on. The plan of the Buddhist sanctum was designed by the process of the ceremony and the way of the enshrinement of the Buddhist statues because it is the place to enshrine the Buddhist statues. They performed the ceremony like as pray, worship, offer food to Buddha, HaengDo - an act to turn round an object of worship - and so on in the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.95-112
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• 1999

This Study starts from a recognition that the architecture is based on the process demanded by substantial needs as well as pure theoretical logic system. So this study aims at proposing another point of view differentiating process and principle of architecture from pure theoretical logic system in the creative process of the Governor's Palace by analyzing drawings in chronological order. Even though the Governor's Palace had not been built because of discord between authorities of India and Le Corbusier, it is undoubtedly one of the best proposals which contains very concepts and ideas of later Le Corbusier's architectural intentions. In the first design stage, overall conception of the building was carried out in the sketches and drawings till Jan, 1954 and in the second stage, the elaboration of the project was pursued till Mar. 1995. The scheme tends to begin too large and general in character, becoming tighter and more complex under pressure from the client and adjustments required by the design process itself. For example, scale reduction, division and development of internal circulation system and applying his early 'Five Points'. So new solutions are searched by oscillating between compromise modifications and radically different solutions in contracting the first ideas. From all these, it is concluded that the early doctrine (Five Points) are adjusted and extended towards another stage by the use of restricted pilotis, the concept of fenetre en longueur transformed into a sub stricture of facade, sustained concept of le plan libre, les toits jardins extended towards concept of the urban area. And these formal intentions of the Governor's Place has been carried through other contemporary projects like Mill Owner's Association in 1954 and Villa Shodan in 1952.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

Efficiency and universality which was the spirit of the modern age, had also an enfluence on our living environment. Various types of individual housing unit were developed and mass-produced. However, the exterior space in our city is a place for our social life and intermediate place to connect the private life of each individual to our society. For the people to adapt themselves well to their environment, it should be well organized which means it is clearly divided and integrated in a hierarchical order. To realize these conditions, adequate boundaries to divide each territory and entrances to connect each territory are two essential elements. One of the possible methods to realize these conditions can be found in korean traditional architecture where the exterior space has the same figural quality like buildings and is the center of the whole composition. Buildings, walls and colonnades are the elements to define space. Gates, pavilions, gabs between buildings and posts are the elements to symbolize the entrance connecting each space. Each exterior space is integrated to a whole composition. One is the gradual differentiation along the axis which is unique in korean traditional architecture. The other is the rectangular connection which is also found in the other area in the world. The results of this thesis are as follows. The exterior space in the housing area should have the figural quality. The elements to make boundaries defining exterior space are classified into horizontal elements such as low buildings and walls, and vertical elements such as tower-shape buildings which define space in a different way. The position of openings in a housing block affects the characteristic and openness of a exterior space. Various types of gates are used to decide the relationship between spaces.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.653-662
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• 2003

Changes in the area of geo-ecosystem $(62^{\circ}09'S,\;58^{\circ}31'w)$ reflect climatic changes in the South Shetland Islands. Air temperature and deglaciation will increase. The ice-free space area at the SSSS 8- (ASPA 121) site has enlarged threefold during the last 21 years, thus creating conditions for inhabitation and succession. Wind, water and snow play important roles in transportation of geochemical components. They distribute nutrients, mineral substances, seeds, fragments of plants and animals, etc. Plant and animal colonization is patchy and it happens at random in an 'island' - like manner. The colonization pattern is dependant, to a high degree on physical factors. The newly uncovered ice-free areas are at first inhabited by a vascular plant known as the Deschampsia antarctica. The border of the land-oasis with Admiralty Bay is the place where the processes related to animal feeding at the sea and reproduction on the land take place. Bird colonies and pinniped lairs form centers of fertilization surrounded by high chemical gradients dependent on the direction of the flow of nutrients $(e.g.\;NH_4)$. During the last 25 years, the numbers of penguins in this region have decreased, and thus the amount of materials excreted on land has diminished. The numbers of fur seals change in multi-annual cycles, and their migration into this area is related to the E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ phenomenon. The numbers of elephant seals in the area did not change. Organic matter deposited by the sea onto the shore are a source of nutrients and deficient chemical elements on land. Mineral matter is washed out into the waters of Admiralty Bay. These processes change seasonally, and multi annually. Negative effects on the environment at Arctowski Station induced by man are slight, but noticeable nevertheless. Physical processes have the largest influence on the living conditions and distribution of plants and animals, and as a consequence, on the functioning of the geo-ecosystem in the coastal-shore zone of the Maritime Antarctic.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10603-10605
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• 2015

Background: The Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common cancer worldwide for males, and the 5th most common cancer overall, with an estimated 900,000 new cases diagnosed in 2008 (14% of the total in males and 7% of the total overall) aim of this study was to assess some of the most proposed environmental factors influencing the incidence of prostate cancer among Iranian men. Smoking, opioids, occupation and living location were considered as studied risk factors of the prostate cancer in this research. Material and methods: Two groups of affected men with prostate cancer and controls aged 50-75 years referred to medical clinics were subjects in this case-control study. Living and working place, smoking and drug consuming habits were assessed for any associations with prostate cancer. Results: The largest number, of patients, in order, belonged to Tehran, provincial capitals, major industrial cities, small towns and villages, respectively. The disease showed links with smoking and drugs with a significant difference between controls and patients (P value <0.0001). Conclusions: Our recent evidence duplicates previously done researches confirming the serious adverse effects of smoking and drugs on the prostate cancer occurrence in Iranian men. Living place bearings some hazardous behaviors which increases the rate of diseases as well as advanced chance for associated cancers like prostate.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.269-286
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• 2005

The exchange rate volatility has been increased since the time when the floating exchange rate system was introduced in Korea. As a result, the increase of the exchange rate volatility raised the risk in international trades in Korea. The purpose of this study in to study the feature of exchange rate volatility and the main sources of its increase and to confirm whether the exchange rate volatility influence export volume and price of Korea. In the first place, I measured exchange rate volatility with two methods. The one is descriptive statistic method such as the width of daily exchange rate fluctuation and the rate of exchange rate devaluation. The other is the time varying conditional variance of exchange rate. Then, I studied the sources of exchange rate volatility. In the second place, I defined the exchange rate volatility as the time varying conditional variance and estimated it by using elastic a approach model which shows exchange rate is affected by itself and its conditional variance, I estimated its effects on export volumes and prices of electric home appliances, information & communication equal and semi-conductor. The result of this study is as follows. With presumed result EU and Korea because is not the goods which is to substantial competition relationship, The effect where the relative value change of presumed result expression anger and the dollar of import and export function goes mad to the import and export of Korea the income compared to is to export and it is appearing a lot. The EU goods is sold more expensively the Korean goods than from about length being caused by American market of the dollar and the balance of trade of Korea is visible like being visible the improvement of single breadth. Because the relationship of competition is weak but substantially there is to a short term and expression - the effect where the dollar rate fluctuation is big in Korean trade there is a possibility of saying that widely known it is not.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.870-879
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• 1999

The reality of violence involving youth has recently increased and has become a serious social problem. The study was done to identity violence related feetors including types of assault, victim status and a violence preventive plan. The subjects were students in boy's high schools in the Jinju area and data were collected through a questionnaire. The research was done to demonstrate the seriousness of school violence and to determine the origins of the problems present measures to eradicate school violence. 1. The types of assault included slander, violent language to classmates, destroying school property, stealing money by beating and violent conduct, sexual harrassment or sexual violence. About 19% of the high school students had experience as violent assaulters. The reasons for such assault were abuse by the victim, discontent at home & school and for amusement with friends without any reason. 2. With respect to the status of damage by violence most cases took place within the school which is considered to be safe for students. Violence such as slander, abuse, violence language, disregarding or excluding took place the most at school and in case of the assaulter it was a college student or a student in the senior grad. 3. As for measure to prevent violence identified by the students, the need to provide space for youth leisure activity was listed as important along with the need for guidance for the future which took into account suitability related to the student's ability and the need to get rid of education mainly for entrance exams. Endeavors to prevent violence must be persistent in all aspect, so that such inhuman like violence will not appear and the negative elements raised by youth will be solved one by one.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.66-74
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to research and analyze the distribution of night illumination level at urban neighborhood parks and to show its characteristics. And this is used basic data ensuring safety and satisfying aesthetic and psychological desires of people who use urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks, I selected 8 urban neighborhood parks as the subject of research in this study, set the measuring standard of illumination level, and measured the illumination level by the measuring standard. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Currently, total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks was lower than the minimum standard of illumination level I KS A 3011-1993. 2. Average illumination level of each place in urban neighborhood parks appeared variously from low level to high level. But this was lower than the minimum standard illumination level in KS A3011-1993 like total average illumination level. 3. The higher was total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks, the more various was brightness of places. Although users' aesthetic and mental desire or behavioral aspect relate with safety cannot be found by only survey and analyses of illumination level, it is judged that first, illumination level of the standard of the lightness should be analyzed to find user's mental states and behaviors in external space at night. Therefore, it is considered that this study, which analyzed characteristics illumination level as basic data, has a significance. The study continuing for other illuminative environmental factors suitable in the place is required because the brightness of places may not be measured by only illumination level. And the proper illumination level in outdoor places should be showed in considering psychological and behavioral aspects of human as people may have their own sense of brightness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 1997

The drastic change of mountain community, which have led existing villages to a size reduction or an extinction, makes this study concentrate on finding out the new community unit as a spatial zone of dayily life and agricultural production. The communality which has played a key role in a aura settlement consistency has been focused on the socio-economic aspect till now, neglecting the spatia] nature. The settlement-communality( SC) putting a stress on the spatial aspect can be, therefore, shapec as being multi-dimensional, composed of both a horizontally areal coverage on the surface of the residential place and a vertically hierarchial relationship between settlements, by analyzing thro( elements of communality that are the economic, socio -cultural and spatial activities. The research site is located administratively in Milan-Myoun, Pyoungchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do that ha: the characteristics as a typical mountain community. The results of field survey of which the method i: to draw the activity zone from an interview with every village's head and some residents with th( prepared questionaire can be summarized as followings. Firstly, the SC in almost all villages tended to be weakened or extincted, none the less, the spatia zone of that overally enlarged and got out of natural village unit(hamlet). However the areal coverall on which the SC has an influence reaches up to the alliant domain of a few villages generally congruen with the lowest level administrative district, Secondly, the economic and social activity pattern in village life has a tendency to be directly linked with a upper central place, so that has induced the function of a central village in the middle-low settlement hierarchy to be largely shrinked. Not only the conventional residents'access to goods service but also the recent service-delivers'access to residents has gradually formed the vertical communality with direct linkage between the upper and the bottom level settlements Lastly, the enfeeblement of the SC in the lowest settlement level tends to be supplemented by enlarging the horizontal zone of the SC or especially by strengthening the vertical direct linkage system. The very this point makes the mountain community open to the external world and also makes the spatial unit of community be multi-dimensional just like a cubic.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.611-620
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the image of elementary school teachers on special class. The Q-methodology was used as a research method which is useful for analyzing subjectivity like as human value, attitude, belief and image. P-sample as subjects of this study was collected from 40 elementary school teacher in Busan. A data was analyzed using QUANL PC program. As a result of research, the image of elementary school teachers on special class was classified as 4 type. The 1 type was labeled the practical proponent type. The 1 type teachers highly estimate the educational importance of the special class and thought it as a place that educational possibility of children with disabilities can come true. The 2 type was labeled the passive bystander type. They are quite indifferent to the special class, and are skeptical about the educational achievement of children with disabilities. The 3 type was labeled the ideational positive type. They admit the importance of the special class, but thought that the image about the special class highly depends on the ability of the teachers who take responsibility for it. The 4 type was labeled the realistic opponent. They criticize the special class for not being the place that inclusion education for children with disabilities comes true and they are dissatisfied with the fact that ordered-curriculum for children with disabilities isn't applied at all.