• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.6
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• pp.213-240
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• 2004

This paper argues that Koguryo historically belonged to Korea based on the linguistic homogeneity among Koguryo, Sinra, and Paekche. The language of Koguryo shows the following four distinct properties from Chinese. First, Koguryo, Sinra, and Kara share a dual structure of national birth myths, and the directional vocabulary found in the countries also shows the evidence that the Korean people moved from North to South. Chinese, on the other hand, has no indication of these facts. Second, the place names in Koguryo shared the same properties with those of the countries in the Korean Peninsula at the same period, but were different from those of China. It is also noticeable that the national name of Korea, adopted from the national name of Koruryo, was announced to the world and that Korea has been acknowledged as our national name since then. The legitimate lineage of Koguryo > Parhay > Hu-Koguryo > Korea proves that Koguryo belonged to Korea historically, Third, the names of kings were very similar among the Three Kingdoms, but distinct from those of China. The names of kings were created on the basis of the sun as well as nature and human functions or activities like nuri (world), Piryu (originated from the name of a river), onjo (all over world), Chumong Hwar-bo (a person who is good at shooting), Paem-bo (a baby crawling like a snake), K\ulcornerchir-bo, Isa-bo, etc. This is a common characteristic among the Three Kingdoms, but clearly different from China. Fourth, the governmental names were very similar among the Three Kingdoms, but distinct from Chinese ones. These linguistic properties shared among the Koguryo, Packche, and Sinra are never accidental, but provide reliable evidence that the countries were founded by the Korean people. Koguryo, therefore, belonged to Korea historically.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-49
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• 2009

Periodically, the Japanese Castle was created in the domestic of Japan and then 2 Invasions into Chosun was started. The Japanese Castle in the domestic of Japan was repaired several times by the building boom of castle before & after 2 invasions and so the initially-built type of castles was changed. Accordingly, there are much difficulties to understand the original shape of Japanese Castle. Through the Japanese Castle within Korea called as the fossil of Japanese Castle, I would like to examine & consider its building period and characteristics. The terminology called as [Two Side Stone's Wall] is that of castle which is not acknowledged in the Japanese Academic Circles. However, it means the two-fold wall of Japanese Castle which was widely applied to the fortification way in the Age of Japan Edo. The terminology of [Sori] says the stonework curve in the corner of Japanese Castle which is indicated best in the Japanese Castle. It calls the curve as like the fan frame. [Curb Stone's Wall] says the type of castle wall constructed with over 1 face in wall body of Japanese Castle. (1) About classifying the construction period of Japanese Castle, the curb stone's wall and the castle having no two side stone's wall must consider the building period as that of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. If there was [Sori], the two-side stone's wall was used and the place which supported the documentary data, in particular, the place having the record of contraction is considered to be confirmed as the castle constructed in the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. (2) The two-side-type stone's wall shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle is difficultly considered to be generated from the Japanese Castle at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and in 1597. (3) The beautiful [Sori] shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle was started from the Japanese Castle of Korea at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. It is difficultly considered which its indication was firstly generated by the Chaesung-Folded Segment Structure.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

This study has observed 12 parks (20 spots) in Seoul to know the number of users, gender, age groups for the units of 30 minutes from 06:00AM till 10:00PM. According to the systematic characteristic of the surveyed outdoor exercise place, the details of their users during the summer time were analyzed from the objective viewpoint. Major results of analysis are as follows: Firstly, in case of the riverside of the Han River 07:00AM marked a mini peak and 21:00PM reached the peak, and in case of sub-stream neighborhoods, 21:00PM showed only one peak. On the other hand, in case of neighborhood parks (including pocket park) no peak time was noticeable. Secondly, in case of the riverside of the Han River and the neighborhoods of sub-streams, people used the exercise equipment remarkably at night, and in case of neighborhood parks people used the exercise equipment a little bit more in the morning than in the afternoon. Thirdly, in case of nights in summer the riverside of the Han River was preferred by men, while the neighborhoods of sub-streams were preferred by women and the neighborhood parks showed no difference in the number of users among men and women. Fourthly, differently from men, women do not regard the exercise so seriously as men and their purpose of using outdoor exercise place is to use their leisure time mostly with their family members or neighbors, and women prefer light and comfortable exercises. Fifthly, in summer even those who like to exercise a lot like to exercise in the morning to avoid summer heat. Therefore, provision of shades in summer is very important.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.238-245
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• 2022

Previous reports have demonstrated that genetic mechanisms greatly mediate responses to drugs of abuse, including methamphetamine (METH). The circadian gene Period 2 (Per2) has been previously associated with differential responses towards METH in mice. While the behavioral consequences of eliminating Per2 have been illustrated previously, Per2 overexpression has not yet been comprehensively described; although, Per2-overexpressing (Per2 OE) mice previously showed reduced sensitivity towards METH-induced addiction-like behaviors. To further elucidate this distinct behavior of Per2 OE mice to METH, we identified possible candidate biomarkers by determining striatal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both drug-naïve and METH-treated Per2 OE mice relative to wild-type (WT), through RNA sequencing. Of the several DEGs in drug naïve Per2 OE mice, we identified six genes that were altered after repeated METH treatment in WT mice, but not in Per2 OE mice. These results, validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, could suggest that the identified DEGs might underlie the previously reported weaker METH-induced responses of Per2 OE mice compared to WT. Gene network analysis also revealed that Asic3, Hba-a1, and Rnf17 are possibly associated with Per2 through physical interactions and predicted correlations, and might potentially participate in addiction. Inhibiting the functional protein of Asic3 prior to METH administration resulted in the partial reduction of METH-induced conditioned place preference in WT mice, supporting a possible involvement of Asic3 in METH-induced reward. Although encouraging further investigations, our findings suggest that these DEGs, including Asic3, may play significant roles in the lower sensitivity of Per2 OE mice to METH.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2012

The object of the study, Yousang-Dae(流觴臺) and engraved Go broad text on the flat rock in Gangneung-si Yungok-myun Yoodung-ri Baemgol, reveals that the place was for appreciating arts like Yusang Goksu and Taoist hermit's games. three times of detail reconnaissance survey brought about the results as follows. There is a the text, Manwolsan(滿月山) Baegundongcheon(白雲洞天), engraved on the rock in Baegunsa(白雲寺) that had been built by Doun at the first year of King Hungang(in 875) of the United Shilla, became in ruins in the middle of Joseon, and then was rebuilt in 1954. The text is an invaluable evidence indicating that the tradition of Taoist hermit and Sunbee(classical scholars) culture has been generated in Baemgol Valley. According to the 2nd vol. of Donghoseungram(東湖勝覽), the chronicle of Gangneung published by Choi Baeksoon in 1934, there is a record saying that 'Baegunsa in Namjeonhyeon is the classroom where famous teachers like Yulgok Lee Yi or Seongje Choi Ok were teaching' that verifies the historic property of the place. In addition, the management of Nujeong(樓亭) and Dongcheon can be traced through Baegunjeong(白雲亭) constructed by Kim Yoonkyung(金潤卿) in Muo year, the 9th year of Cheoljong(1858) according to Donghoseungram and the completed version of Jeungboyimyoungji(增補臨瀛誌). Also, Baegundongdongcheon(白雲亭洞天), the text engraved on the standing stone across the stream from Yousang-Dae stone, was created 3 years after the Baegunjeong construction in the 12th year of Cheoljong(1861), which refers a symbolic sign closely related with Yousang-Dae. Based on this premise and circumstance, with careful studying the remains of 'Yusang-dae' Goksuro, we discovered that the Sebun-seok(細分石) controling the amount and the speed of moving water and the remains of furrows of Keumbae-soek(擒盃石) and Yubae-gong(留盃孔) containing water stream with cups through the mountain stream and rocks around Yusang-Dae. In addition, as 21 people's names engraved under the statement of 'Oh-Seong(午星)' were discovered on the bottom of the rock, this clearly confirms that the place was one of the main cultural footholds of tasting the arts which have characteristics of Yu-Sang-Gok-Su-Yeon(流觴曲水宴) until the middle of the 20th century. It implies that the arts tasting culture of Sunbees had been inherited centering on Yusang-dae in this particular place until the middle of the 20th century. It is necessary to be studied in depth because the place is a historic and unique cultural place where 'Confucianism, Buddhism, and Zen'were combined together. Based on the result of the study, the identification of 23 people as well as the writer of Yusang-Dae text should be carefully studied in depth in terms of the characteristics of the place through gathering data about appreciation of arts like Yusanggoksu. Likewise, we should make efforts to discover the chess board engraved on the rock described on the documents, thus we should consider to establish plans to recover the original shape of the place, for example, breaking the cement pavement of the road, additional excavation, changing the existing route, and so fourth.

• Architectural research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

This study was focused on the new town residential complex in suburban Hefei, China, which was carried out a survey on the present conditions of children's play space. The residential complexes and play spaces in Hefei, regardless of installation, the standards for the installation of play facilities were not provided legally, and the types of installation of the play facilities also were not standardized. For the play space in residential complexes in China to carry out original functions under the condition and become a place of everybody's activities not just for children, the following should be improved:(1) There is no provision and standard for the size of play space, so the standards for installation of play space with safety like Korea, Japan and the US are necessary. (2) The location of the play space should be able to guarantee maximum play activities to children, and the independence of the space should be secured by putting it in a place far from a footpath or pass way. (3) Since children's play space has different properties from those of green space and resting spaces, separate environmental planning is necessary.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.53-76
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• 2005

Through a field study of the folk houses, 'Closed ㄱㄴ Type' in Goyang-si, Gyonggj-do, focused on the dweller's life by the method of ethnographic interview, observation, and physical survey. L and opposite L type of inner and outer buildings form a closed inner court, and innermost backyard for woman is enclosed by fence. Form and space of the house contains dweller's traditional life. Outer space of a front gate becomes semiprivate space, for thrashing and piling up harvest and raising vegetables and pigs. Confucius principle does not fully dominate dweller's life of ancestral rite at Daecheong floor, and separation of man's and woman's quarter. Superstitious worship activities took place for lord of site and house. In everyday life, Anbang, inner main room, is assigned for parent's quarter instead of woman's quarter, and Geornbang, next room, was for son's family. Anbang has symbolic meaning for a place of deathbed. House contains agricultural activities, crop harvesting, thrashing, putting into storage, hulling rice, and keeping grain near kitchen. At present, rooms are needed more; sheds are made into rooms, rooms are enlarged toward outside, half outside space like Daechong floor becomes interior space by sash screen. And modern facilities of kitchen and bathroom are equipped for convenience. At the end, meaning and generative principle of those forms are discovered.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.22-30
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• 2014

The isolated self-generating electricity with diesel engine generator has been used in islands far away from main land. It costs high because of increasing oil price, and unsafe to have supplying oil and its related components by ship due to unexpectable marine conditions. Therefore there is the need for the hybrid system of renewable energy like wind or solar energy systems with oil engine generator, which can reduce oil use and extend oil supplying period. In this study, the feasibility of such hybrid system with smart micro grid on the eight islands of Jeon-nam province is surveyed to find good place for the demonstration test of the hybrid system. In each island, 3 wind turbine systems of 10 kW and photovoltaic of 20 kW are tested with already installed diesel engine. The performance and costs of the hybrid system in each island are compared in the given conditions of solar and wind energy potential. As a result of the study, Jung-ma island is recommended for the optimum place to make real field demonstration test of isolated hybrid generating and smart grid systems.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.227-231
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• 2009

The aim of the research is to focus on the cognitive principles and to achieve human-level intelligence in referring context based browser history and the Windows history. One of the major problems faced by today's computer users is insufficient and single exclusive context based reference of the browser history and the Windows history. Today we search for the browser history and Windows history in different places even though the context is the same. For e.g., When working on a research paper or preparing a business presentation, a user may require to refer many web sites on the internet and various documents on the local computer. The browser can provide only time based history. The windows document history is also time based and limited to list only few documents. Hence, we propose a tool "Cognitive Based Context Aware Reference History Management Tool" which helps to access the exclusive reference of context and time based history in one place. The tool also proposes to store image history with urls and classifies images of a specific topic accessed in different time, bookmarks management and cross browser history management. These features are very useful as we can access all related documents (doc, docx, ppt, pptx, pdf, txt, and html), web pages, images and bookmarks in one place. The tool uses the cognitive principles like classification and association to achieve the purpose.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.190-194
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• 2007

In most countries, mobile subscribers are already experiencing 3G-like services. At the moment of launching 3G services, lots of studies showed estimates of the number of subscribers for 3G services, using long-term demand curves, econometric methods or survey methodologies. Those studies mainly focused on the potential number of subscribers and the point of rapid growth rather than precise estimates for the services. Even though we've already experienced parts of 3G services, full length of 3G services are expecting in near future. Therefore, now we need to have more accurate estimates for 3G services. While we thought that 3G services were moved from 2G, in real place 3G services are being evolved from 2G services. In the process of evolving, regulators' policy affects service demand and diffusion significantly. For the more accurate estimates, we need to consider policy issues which influence service diffusion practically in real place. This study aims to present a model which shows better estimates for 3G services with consideration on policy issues, such as numbering issues, price regulation, and competition policy. The consideration can provide more accurate estimates for 3G services with service providers. The methodology could help academicians In forecasting of similar telecommunications services as well.