• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2020

The international community's sanctions against North Korea, triggered by North Korea's nuclear tests and by missile development in the country, are considered the strongest sanctions in history, banning exports of North Korea's major items and limiting imports of machinery and oil products. Accordingly, North Korea's trade volume decreased to the level of collapse after the sanctions, meaning that the sanctions against North Korea were considered to be effective. However, according to this paper, which analyzed the price fluctuations of refined petroleum products in North Korea through the methodology of an event study, the market prices of oil products were only temporarily affected by the sanctions and remained stable over the long run despite the restrictions on the volumes of refined petroleum products introduced. This can be explained by evidence that North Korea has introduced refined oil supplies that are not much different from those before the sanctions through its use of illegal transshipments even after the sanctions. With regard to strategic materials such as refined oil, the North Korean authorities are believed to be desperately avoiding sanctions by, for instance, finding loopholes in the sanctions to meet the minimum level of demand.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 2020

This paper investigates how economic freedom affected firm investment in Vietnam. In the globalization decade, economic freedom has been an important policy to support economic development in Vietnam. Improvements in economic freedom, such as capital freedom and domestic credit freedom, allow firms to access external finance more easily, so that the firm's investment depends less on internal cash flow. In a developing country, on the drawbacks, many small and medium firms likely have more challenges if the government would not give any subsidies. The higher level of freedom may exacerbate the financing constraints of less competitive firms. We analyze unique firm-level data from 2006 to 2016, which includes listed firms on two major stock exchanges and unlisted firms in the Unlisted Public Company Market. The article also considers how economic freedom affects small firms and large firms differently. Our results show that capital freedom and domestic credit freedom played an important role in investments for Vietnamese firms. However, we cannot find evidence that overall economic freedom relaxed the financial constraints on firms. Additionally, we suggest that small firms likely gain more advantage in access to external finance than do larger firms when the government removes restrictions from capital movement and the domestic credit market.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting of health screening among persons with disabilities. Method: The study examines the factors affecting of health screening using over 20 years of age who participated in the 2017 National survey of the disabled data. Subjects were 6,332 person with disabilities over 20 years of age. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, multiple logistic regression with the SPSS win 21.0 program. Results: Health screening among persons with disabilities is differentiated with education level, marital status, Subjective House economic status, Health insurance, Economic activity, Type of disability, Grade of disability, Stress recognition, Depressive symptom, Suicidal thinking, Suicidal attempt, and grade of disability. The significant predictors of the health screening were age, Subjective House economic status, Economic activity, and Grade of disability. Conclusion: We should consider age, disability level, and economic level when developing a screening program for people with disabilities. Especially, the development and promotion of the health screening program for persons with disabilities and related education are required.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-49
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• 1988

The social conditions in Koreas until 1950s were similar to the model phenomena of low level eqilibrium trap which was named by Prof. Nelson, with the continuation of high population growth rate and low economic growth rate. To escape from the trap, Korean government adopted two different policies, one is economic development plans and the other is family planning programs. Theses policies were successful in both increasing the national products and decreasing the population growth rate. In 1985 per capita GNP increased to over two thousand dollars, fertility rate reduced to replacement level(2.1) and unemployment rate was stabilized at 4 percent level. From various prospects, we were successfully escaped from the Malthusian trap and many economists, who studied developed countries, belive that population growth has positive effects on technological progress, economies of scale, specialization, individual attitude on work, and economic growth. Therefore we need to reexamine the anti-natalistic population policy of Korea in this situation.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2020

This study analyzed the factors affecting economic growth using multiple regression model and Geographically Weighted Regression in consideration of population, industry and employment, housing and political characteristics on economic growth by region. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, the total employment growth rate, manufacturing employment growth rate, local election turnout and the level of party consensus between the central and local governments are having a positive impact on regional economic growth. Second, according to the GWR analysis, the population has a positive impact on economic growth in the southern region of Korea, and the increase in the total number of employees has a positive impact on the southern region of Gyeonggi Province, Gangwon Province, North Chungcheong Province and North Gyeongsang Province. Finally, the voter turnout of urbanites is positively affecting economic growth in South Chungcheong Province, Gangwon Province and the southern coast, while North Jeolla and South Jeolla provinces have a positive impact on economic growth as the parties of the central and local governments are equal. The results of this study may suggest the role of local government for regional economic development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.128-135
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• 2022

The comparative evaluation of occupational accident fatality rates (OAFRs) of different countries is complicated owing to the differences in their level of socio-economic development. However, such evaluation is necessary to assess the national occupational safety and health system of a country. This study proposes a statistical method to compare the OAFRs of countries taking into consideration the difference in their level of socio-economic development. We first collected data on the socio-economic indicators and OAFRs of 11 countries over a 30-year period. Next, based on literature survey and statistical correlation analysis, we selected the significant independent variables and built multiple linear regression models to predict OAFR. We also determined the groups of countries having heterogeneous relationships between the independent variables and OAFRs, which are represented by the regression models. The proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the OAFR of Korea with the OAFRs of 10 other developed countries.

• IE interfaces
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.79-96
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• 1989

Abundant hard-working and well-educated human resources were the important sources of the spectacular economic success during the last decades. In contrast to the past sources of economic growth during the 1970's when labor and capital along with economies of scale were the dominant factors (the university has played an important role in the national economic success by supplying quality labour and intellectual talent.), the level of science, technological innovation and capital inputs will be of vital importance for future economic growth in Korea. The balance of payments in technology transfer together with the current state of R & D activities has been reviewed and some of the issues and problems underlying the university system that tend to hinder research in collaboration with research institutes and industries have been outlined. Serious imbalance in the allocation of research funds among research sectors was identified as the most serious problem to be fixed. The importance of science and technology education in private universities for the enhancement of the national level of science and technology has been re-examined. Also research and development in engineering and technical services has been emphasized. In conclusion, ways to bolster the role of universities in the research environment in cooperation with industry and research institutes have been suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to figure out the current condition of local governments (Si or Gun) to implement rural development policy in the face of the central government's drive for increasing devolution. Since late 1990s or early 2000s when scope of rural policy began to expand quantitatively, there has been considerable increase in rural residents' participation into community projects as a whole. Nevertheless, there exists regional differentiation in local governments' efforts to systematically support rural development projects (CRDP: Comprehensive Rural Development Programme) and community activities by setting up intermediary organizations or hiring rural development professionals in a public office. According to this survey on local government officials, regions that have made such efforts to support rural policy at a local level, show more advanced level of institutional capacity than other regions in local decision making process for CRDP, role of strategic rural developmental plans, vitality of community actors, etc. In the era of increasing devolution, these differences can be expected to result in diverging performances of each area in regionalized rural policy. The central government needs to introduce EU's LEADER-type rural development programmes to support community acitivities by various local actors and at the same time promote local governance building for rural policy, adopting institutional rewarding system such as rural planning contract.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.400-407
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• 2022

Innovations significantly affect the efficiency of the socioeconomic systems of the regions, acting as a system-forming element of their development. Modern models of economic development also consider innovation activity, intellectual potential, knowledge as the basic factors for stimulating the economic growth of the region. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological foundations for evaluating the effectiveness of a regional innovation system based on a multidimensional analysis of its effects. To further study the effectiveness of RIS, we have used one of the methods of multidimensional statistical analysis - canonical analysis. The next approach allows adding another important requirement to the methodological provision of evaluation of the level of innovation development of industries and regions, namely - the time factor, the formalization of which is realized in autoregressive dynamic economic and mathematical models and can be used in our research. Multidimensional Statistical Analysis for RIS effectiveness estimation was used to model RIS by typological regression. Based on it, multiple regression models were built in groups of regions with low and relatively high innovation potential. To solve the methodological problem of RIS research, we can also use the approach to the system as a "box" with inputs and outputs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.117-126
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• 2021

Microfinance focuses on economic development at a minute level. Microfinance is adopted to reduce the poverty level in the economic system. This study is conducted to investigate the microfinance institutions' outreach, its growth, and challenges faced by the Microfinance Banks (MFBs) and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). Data is collected from MFBs and MFIs working in Muzaffarabad as well as from interviews and focus group discussions. Findings are based upon lending, headcount ratio, offers, the value of their offer, and the possible growth chances of microfinance in Muzaffarabad. In addition to this, the challenges associated with microfinance outreach have been highlighted during analysis and guidelines have been provided to the MFBs and MFIs to increase their outreach. The sector is financially unstable which is attributable to its reliance on conventional sources of funding. The industry faces several endogenous as well as exogenous challenges from its environment which obstructs its growth. Further, it helps the policymakers to work on the development of the region and provide the base for further future research work.