• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

This study investigated the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of corn stover in three maize-planting regions in Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province, China. The whole stover was separated into seven morphological fractions, i.e., leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem rind, stem pith, stem node, ear husk, and corn tassel. The assessment of nutritive value of corn stover and its fractions was performed based on laboratory assays of the morphological proportions, chemical composition, and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The chemical composition of corn stover was significantly different from plant top to bottom (p<0.05). Among the whole corn stover and seven morphological fractions, leaf blade had the highest crude protein (CP) content and the lowest NDF and ADF contents (p<0.05), whereas stem rind had the lowest CP content and the highest ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents (p<0.05). Ear husk had significantly higher NDF content and relatively lower ADL content than other corn stover fractions. Overall, the effective degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF in rumen was the highest in leaf blade and stem pith, followed by ear husk. The results indicate that leaf blade, ear husk, and stem pith potentially have higher nutritive values than the other fractions of corn stover. This study provides reference data for high-efficiency use of corn stover in feeding ruminants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2000

In order to develop new materials for the functional food, the components of safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) sprout was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the leaf and the stem parts of 2 weeks grown safflower sprout were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower spout was 12.7% (w/w) moisture, 28.5% crude protein, 10.1% crude fat, and 5.3% crude ash. Mineral contents of the leaf part were P 49%, K 22%, Mg 15%, Ca 10% whereas these of the stem part were K 51%, P 27%, S 10%, Ca 7%, Mg 4%. Other mineral contents were less than 2% in both parts. Especially, Pt was 0.18 ppb and 0.17 ppb in the leaf and the stem parts, respectively. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in the leaf and the stem were aspartic acid and glutamic acid, the contents of these were 10.7mg/g, 10mg/g in the leaf, 11.3 mg/g, 8.4 mg/g in the stem, respectively. The major fatty acids in the leaf and the stem parts were linoleic acid and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in the leaf and the stem parts were 67% (w/w) and 47% whereas the $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in those parts were 14% (w/w) and 11%, respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower sprout showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals including small amount of Pt, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid and $\alpha$ -linolenic acid. These results suggested that safflower sprout was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2014

We compared effects of fruit, leaf, and stem extracts from black raspberry on improvement of cholesterol and blood pressure in HepG2 and HUVEC cells, respectively. Cholesterol secretion was inhibited by water extracts of unripe fruit and stem, but not leaf of black raspberry in HepG2 cells. Also, water extracts of unripe fruit, leaf, and stem reduced HMG-CoA reductase activity. Furthermore, nitric oxide production and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) protein were regulated by extracts of fruit, leaf, and stem of black raspberry in HUVEC cells. Overall, the rank order according to the improving level of cholesterol and hypertension is as follows: stem > fruit > leaf. In addition, various polyphenol compounds displayed inhibitory effects of HMG-CoA reductase activity and ACE expression. Thus, these data suggested that leaf and stem as wells as fruit of black raspberry can be used as useful food resources for reduction of cholesterol and blood pressure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.935-940
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• 2001

To determine the effect of different growth stages and cultivars on the chemical composition of sorghum plant and its morphological fractions, samples of whole plant, leaf and stem of J.S-263, J.S-88 and Hegari cultivars, harvested at various growth stages were drawn for analysis. All the samples were analysed for their dry matter contents and various cell wall components such as NDF, ADF. hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, cutin and silica. Significant increase in DM contents of whole sorghum plant, leaf and stem was observed with advancing stage of growth. The highest DM content was recorded in leaf fraction of the plant. All the cell wall constituents increased significantly in whole sorghum plant, leaf and stem as the plant matured. The maximum NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents were observed in stem fraction, followed by whole plant. However, the hemicellulose, cutin and silica contents were higher in leaf fraction of the plant. The cultivars were found to have some effect on the chemical composition of whole plant, leaf and stem fractions. The results indicated that plant maturity had a much greater effect on the chemical composition of sorghum plant, whereas it was little affected by cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-67
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• 1980

This study was carried out to seek the visible marker and make it easy to select the individuals or lines which have excellent characters. Ginseng plants of one to five years were used for this study, and agronomic characters, such as stem diameter. stem length, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length. stem weight, leaf weight, number of leaves, number of leaflets, main root length, root length, root diameter and root weight were determined and correlations among them were estimated. Generally, agronomic characters, such as stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, number of leaflets, leaf weight and stem weight had positive and highly significant correlations with root weight per plant, the character that has great influence on yield.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.393-409
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• 2003

Morphological and anatomical characters of selected 3 taxa of Rhynchospora were reexamined. The epidermal patterns of achene and leaf were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a light microscope (LM). Morphological characters such as length and width of bract, spikelet, scale, achene, stem, leaf and leaf sheath, and shape of inflorescence, spikelet, scale, apex of scale, perigynium and achene, and number of stigma and anatomical characters (transectional shape of the stem, and leaf: vascular bundles in stem and leaf epidermal patterns: shape of fundamental epidermal cell and cell wall, type of silica body, subsidiary cell shape, size and frequency of stomatal complex of leaf) were useful for the identification. Keys based on data were presented here.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

The Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata, which are said to be relatively drought tolerant among the important genus Quercus that represent deciduous broad-leaved forests in Korea. These two species are widely distributed worldwide in Korea, Japan and China (northern, central, western and eastern subtropical regions). This study compared the ecological niche breadth and overlap according to growth response in 4 soil moisture gradients for the two species and tried to reveal degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics. The ecological niche breadth was 0.977±0.020 for Q. variabilis and 0.979±0.014 for Q. dentata, the latter being slightly wider. And they were similar in 5 traits (stem length, leaf lamina length, leaf width length, stem weight, leaf petiole weight), Q. variabilis was more dominant in 4 traits (leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf petiole length), and Q. dentata was more dominant in 7 traits (root length, shoot length, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight, leaf petiole weight). The ecological niche overlap for soil moisture between the two species overlapped most in plant structure-related traits and least in photosynthetic organ-related traits such as petiole length. As a result of principal component analysis, degree of competition between the two species for soil moisture was more severe when the soil moisture condition was low than high. Among the measured traits that affect the two-dimensional distribution, 8 traits (Leaves number, Shoot length, Stem length, Plant weight, Root weight, Shoot weight, Stem weight, Leaves weight) were correlated with the factor 1, and 2 traits (Leaf width length, Leaf petiole weight) were correlated with the factor 2 (r>0.5). These results show that the ecological response of the two species to soil moisture is not a few traits involved, but several traits are involved simultaneously.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2020

Total polyphenol content and biological activities of water and methanol extract from Aronia melanocarpa berry, leaf, stem and twig were analyzed to investigate the potential for a bio-functional material. The polyphenol content of leaf and twig extracts were higher than those of berry and stem extracts. DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities of both extracts, were measured in order of twig, leaf, berry and stem. Tyrosinase inhibitory activities of water extract were measured in order of berry, leaf, twig and stem. Those of methanol extract were measured in order of twig, leaf, berry and stem. The nitrite-scavenging ability of water and methanol extract were measured in order of berry, leaf, twig and stem. Consequently it was shown that the non-edible parts of aronia, leaf and twig, had antioxidant activities and nitric oxide scavenging activities. It is expected that these materials could be used as functional bio-materials in bio-health care products including cosmetic products.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.301-305
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• 2014

The aim of our study is to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanol extract of the leaf and stem of Aralia cordata. Writhing responses induced by acetic acid, tail immersion test, and formalin-induced paw pain response for nociception and formalin-induced paw edema for inflammation were evaluated in mice. A. cordata (50 - 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response, but they did not protect the thermal nociception in tail immersion test. However, morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) used as positive opioid control alleviated both the acetic acid-induced writhing response and thermal nociception in tail immersion test. In the formalin test, A. cordata (50 - 200mg/kg) and ibuprofen (200mg/kg) inhibited the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory response), but not the first phase response (central response), whereas morphine inhibited both phase pain responses. Both A. cordata (100 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) significantly alleviated the formalin-induced increase of paw thickness, the index of inflammation. These results show for the first time that the leaf and stem of A. cordata has a significant anti-nociceptive effect that seems to be peripheral, but not central. A. cordata also displays an anti-inflammatory activity in an acute inflammation model. The present study supports a possible use of the leaf and stem of A. cordata to treat pain and inflammation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.199-202
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• 1991

The esterase isozyme of several legume plants were separated and visualized by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis using enzyme-specific staining. Extracts used were prepared from fully expanded young leaf and stem of six legume species which were red clover(Trifolium Pretense L.), ladino clover(Trifolium repense L.), wild white clover(Trifolium repense L.), alfalfa(Medicage sativa L.), mimosoides(Cassia mimosoides var nomame Makino), and amoena(Vicia amoena Fisch). The number of band, Phenotype and staining intensity of esterase isozyme in leaf and stem varies depending on the plant species. However, there are little difference between leaf and stem esterase isozyme in same species except alfalfa. And in the leaf and stem of mimosoides and amoena showed not any esterase(Fig. 2). Among the examined plants, the highest staining intensity and the rapidest migrating esterase isozyme was Est 1.