• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.214-215
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• 2002

Generally uniform dose distribution is assumed to be formed in a target region when a conventional dose formation method using a broad proton beam, a fixed modulation technique, a bolus and an aperture is employed. However, actual situations differ. We usually find non-uniformity in the target region. This is due to the insertion of a range-compensating bolus before the patient. Since the range-compensating bolus has an irregular shape, the scattering in the bolus depends on the lateral position. Dose distribution is overlapping results of dose distribution of pencil-proton beams traversing different lateral positions of the bolus. The lateral extent of dose distribution of each pencil beam traversing the different position differs each other at the same depth in the target object. This is a cause of the non-uniformity of the dose distribution. Therefore the same lateral extent of dose distribution should be attained for different pencil beams at the same depth to obtain a uniform dose distribution. For that purpose, we propose here a bi-material bolus. The bi-material bolus consists of a low-Z material determining mainly the range loss and a high-Z material defining mainly the scattering in the bolus. After passing through the bi-material bolus, protons traversing different lateral positions will have different residual range yet with the same lateral spread at a certain depth. Using the optimized bi-material bolus, we can obtain a more uniform dose distribution in the target region as expected.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2010

목 적: 고 에너지 양성자치료에 있어서 Air gap (환자와 Beam 사출구 사이의 거리)의 변화는 Lateral Penumbra의 증가로 불필요한 조사야를 형성할 수 있고, 치료부위에서 최대선량 증가와 최소선량 감소로 선량분포의 균질성을 저하시킬 수 있다. 이에 Air gap 변화에 따른 선량분포에 대해 비교, 연구해 보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 본원에서 양성자치료를 받은 Lung, Liver 환자 6명을 선정하여 크기가 다른 조사야 A와 조사야 B에서 Air gap을 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 cm로 설정하여 Proton external beam planning system을 통해 치료계획을 세웠다. Air gap에 따른 Lateral Penumbra 영역 및 DVH (Dose Volume Histogram)를 비교하고 PCTV영역의 최대선량 및 최소선량 값을 비교하였다. 또한 PCTV내에 선량의 균질성을 알기 위하여 Homogeneity index값을 비교, 분석하였다. 결 과: 각각의 조사야에서 Air gap의 변화(2, 4, 6, 8, 10 cm)에 따른 Lateral Penumbra영역을 분석한 결과 조사야 A에서 Air gap 2~10 cm변화에 따라 평균 1.36~1.75 cm까지 약 28.7%가 지속적으로 증가하였고 조사야 B에서 평균 1.36~1.79 cm까지 약 31.6%가 지속적으로 증가하였다. DVH를 분석한 결과 최대선량의 상대선량 백분율은 Air gap 2~10 cm일 때 평균 108.1%에서 평균 110.3%까지 약 2.03%가 지속적으로 증가하였고 최소선량의 상대선량 백분율은 평균 93.9%에서 평균 90.8%까지 약 3.31%가 지속적으로 감소하였다. Homogeneity index값은 평균 Air gap 2~10 cm까지 1.09~2.6으로 2배 이상 증가하였다. 결 론: 양성자 치료에 있어서 Air gap이 증가함에 따라 Lateral Penumbra 영역이 증가함을 알 수 있었고, 치료부위에서 최대선량 값의 증가와 최소선량 값의 감소로 인하여 Homogeneity index값이 증가함으로써 PCTV내에 Beam의 균질성이 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이에 추후 양성자치료시 Air gap을 줄이기 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.309-318
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• 1995

In head and neck region, the critical organ and tissue doses were determined, and the risks were estimated from lateral, posteroanterial and basilar cephalometric radiography. For each cephalometric radiography, 31 TLDs were placed in selected sites(18 internal and 13 external sites) in a tissue-equivalent phantom and exposed, then read-out in the TLD reader. The results were as follows: 1. From lateral cephalometric radiography, the highest effective dose recorded was that delivered to the salivary gland(3.6pSv) and the next highest dose was that received by the bone marrow(3pSv). 2. From posteroanterial cephalometric radiography, the highest effective dose recorded was that delivered to the salivary gland(2pSv) and the next highest dose was that received by the bone marrow(1.8pSv). 3. From basilar cephalometric radiography, the highest effective dose recorded was that delivered to the thyroid gland(31A p Sv) and the next highest dose was that received by the salivary gland(13.3 p Sv). 4. The probabilities of stochastic effect from lateral, posteroanterial and basilar cephalometric radiography were $0.72{\times}10^{-6}$, $0.49{\times}10^{-6}$ and $3.51{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.558-568
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• 2015

Objective: The objectives of this study were to measure pediatric organ and effective doses of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for orthodontic analysis and to compare them to those of panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiography, the conventional radiography for orthodontic analysis. Materials and Methods: Alphard VEGA for CBCT, Planmeca Proline XC for panoramic radiography and Orthophos CD for cephalometric radiography were used for this study. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were located at 24 anatomic sites of 10-year-old anthropomorphic phantom and exposed during CBCT (C-mode; $200{\times}179mm$ FOV), panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographic procedures at the clinical exposure settings for 10-year-old patient. Pediatric organ and effective doses were measured and calculated using ICRP 2007 tissue weighting factors. Results: Effective doses of CBCT, panoramic radiography and lateral cephlometric radiography in pediatric clinical exposure settings were $292.5{\mu}Sv$, $19.3{\mu}Sv$, and $4.4{\mu}Sv$ respectively. The thyroid gland contributed most significantly to the effective dose in all the radiographic procedures. Conclusion: Effective dose of CBCT was about 12 times to conventional radiographic procedures for orthodontic analysis in pediatric patient. The use of CBCT for orthodontic analysis should be fully justified over conventional radiography and dose optimization to decrease thyroid dose is needed in pediatric patients.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

양방향 뇌혈관촬영기는 하나의 선원에서 방사선이 나오는 것이 아니라 정방향과 측방향에서 방사선 피폭이 이루어지기 때문에 방사선 관계종사자의 피폭이 더욱 많아질 수밖에 없다. 따라서 환자가 받는 선량도 중요하겠지만 시술을 시행하고 있는 방사선 관계종사자 역시 피폭선량을 줄일 수 있는 방법에 대해 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 양방향 뇌혈관촬영기의 혈관검사 및 중재적방사선시술에 있어 X-선 관구에서 직접 조사되는 1차 방사선, 정방향관구와 측방향 검출기사이에서 발생하는 1차 산란방사선, 상대적으로 적지만 촬영실 벽이나 바닥에서 반사되는 2차 산란방사선 발생을 간과하지 않을 수 없기에 기존의 일반적인 차폐방법인 천정형 차폐, 테이블형 차폐방법에서 보다 더 적극적인 차폐방법인 측방향 차폐체의 방어용구를 설치하여 시술자가 받는 직접방사선 및 산란방사선에 의한 피폭선량을 최대한 줄이고자 노력하였다. 그 결과 투시측정에서는 생식샘 약 3.64배, 갑상샘 약 3.13배, 눈 약 4.42배 정도 더 감소하였고, 디지털 감산 혈관조영측정에서는 생식샘 약 4.98배, 갑상샘 약 3.00배, 눈 약1.67배의 피폭선량 감소효과를 얻어내었다. 결론적으로 양방향 뇌혈관촬영기의 혈관검사 및 중재적방사선시술시 설치하였던 측방향 차폐체의 방어용구는 일반적인 차폐방법보다 시술자의 피폭선량을 감소시키는데 많은 효과를 주었다고 사료된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2022

This study proposes a new skull lateral examination, and provides an improved examination environment for patients and radiologists. The study was divided into three groups. One group was divided into the SID (source to image receptor distance) 110 ㎝ and 180 ㎝ in the skull lateral posture, the other group The other group was divided into an position in contact with the detector and an position without contact with the detector, and the other group was divided into male and female groups, considering that the difference in shoulder width between adult males and females would affect the dose and image quality. For dose evaluation, the ESD (entrance surface dose) was measured at the EAM (external auditory meatus), and the conditions were applied equally at 70 ㎸p, 200 ㎃, and 10 ㎃s. For image quality evaluation, SNR (signal to noise ratio) and CNR (contrast to noise ratio) were measured in frontal sinus, EAM, and sella turcica. As a result of ESD comparison, when sid 110 ㎝ to sid 180 ㎝ was changed among the three groups, ESD values decreased the most to 729.18±4.62 μ㏉ and 224.18±0.74 μ㏉ at 180 ㎝ (p<0.01). The values of SNR and CNR were statistically significant (p<0.01), but there was no qualitative difference. This shows that when the SID is 180 ㎝, it is possible to reduce the dose without lowering the image quality. So, It is suggested that the SID 180 ㎝ is used without contacting the detector when examining the skull lateral.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1985

The intrauterine irradiation is essential to achieve adequate tumor dose to centeral tumor mass in radio therapy for uterine malignancy. The complications of pelvic organ are known to be directly related to radiation dose and physical parameters. The comparison study of currently using 2 systems was undertaken. The simulation films and medical records of 135 patients who was treated with intrauterine irradiation at one of general hospitals in Busan and Seoul between Jan. 1983 and June 1983, were critically analized and physical parameters of low dose rate system and remote controlled high dose rate system were measured. The physical parameters include distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices, longitudinal and lateral angles of tandem to the body axis, the distance from the external os of uterine cervix to the central axis of ovoids, the radiation dose ratio to rectum and bladder to reference point A. Followings were summary of study results: 1. In distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices the low dose rate system showed wide distribution and relatively larger distances. In low dose rate system 5.0-5.9 cm was $55.89\%$ 6.0-6.9 cm: $23.53\%$, 4.0-4.9cm: $10.29\%$, 3.0-3.9cm: $10.29\%$, and in high dose rate system 5.0-5.9cm was $80.59\%$, 4.0-4.9cm: $17.91\%$, $6.0\~6.9\;cm:\;1.5\%$. 2. In lateral angulation of tandem to body axis, the low does system revealed mid position (the position along body axis) $64.7\%$, Lt. deviation $19.13\%$ and Rt. deviation $16.17\%$. However the high dose rate system revealed mid position $49.26\%$ Lt. deviation $40.29\%$ and Rt. deviation $10.45\%$. 3. In longitudinal angulation of tandem to body axis the mid position was $11.77\%$ and anterior angulation $88.23\%$ in low dose rate system but in high dose rate system the mid position was $1.56\%$ and anterior angulation $98.44\%$. 4. Down ward displacement of ovoids below external os was only $2.94\%$ in low dose rate system and $67.69\%$ in high dose rate system. 5. The radiation dose ration to rectum to reference point A was $102.70\%$ in high dose rate system and $70.09\%$ in low dose rate system. The dose ratio to bladder to reference point A was $78.14\%$ in high dose rate system and $75.32\%$ in low dose rate system.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2020

CT 검사 시 좌,우 X축 방향의 Miscentering은 선량과 화질에 영향을 준다. CT Gantry Isocenter와 검사 목적부위의 Center가 일치되도록 Lateral Sliding Table을 이용하여 일치시켰을 때 화질은 더욱 좋아지고 피폭선량은 줄어든다. 중심 이탈에 따른 선량 비교 CTDI (mGy) 측정을 위하여 CTDI Head Phantom (Kimda, Korea)과 선량측정계(Ray Safe, Sweden)를 사용하였고, 중심 이탈에 따른 균일도의 차이를 보기 위한 노이즈의 측정은 Water Phantom (HITACHI, Japan) 을 사용하였다. 중심 이탈에 따른 선량 비교 CTDI(mGy)를 위해 선량을 측정한 결과 Isocenter 에서 X 축으로 20 mm 씩 이동하여 80 mm로 이동될때까지 지속적으로 선량이 적어졌고 정확한 선량이 입사되지 않았다. 중심 이탈에 따른 균일도의 차이를 보기 위해 SD값을 측정하였고 20 mm 씩 이동하여 80 mm로 이동될 때까지 지속적으로 노이즈가 커졌다. 콜리메이션의 범위는 중심이 탈된 범위만큼 콜리메이션 범위가 늘어났고 피폭의 범위가 커졌다. Lateral Sliding Table을 이용하면 Isocenter를 쉽게 맞출 수 있고, Isocenter에서 벗어난 위치의 심장검사, Extremity bone과 Shoulder같은 부위에서 Isocenter를 맞춰 영상의 화질을 높일 수 있고, Isocenter를 맞춰 콜리메이션을 대폭 축소하여 검사할 수 있으니 불필요한 피폭선량 감소에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of posture changes(Anteroposterior projection, Posteroanterior projection) in the plain abdominal examination on breast dose and to examine its clinical usefulness. This study was used a human body phantom and a glass dosimeter. Glass dosimeters were directly inserted from the center and outside of medial and lateral. In this study, the deep dose was measured in the right breast and the surface dose in the left breast. During the abdominal examination, the central X-ray incident point was perpendicularly incident to the image receptor 5 cm above the iliac crest. The exposure parameters were 82 kVp, 320 mA, 50 ms, x-ray field size 14×17 inch The distance between the center X-ray and the detector was fixed at 110 cm, and only the top two AEC chambers were used. As a result of this study, the medial and lateral side doses of the right breast were 535.73±30.68 μGy and 414.46±33.52 μGy for erect AP, and 145.80±18.52 μGy and 148.76±12.92 μGy in erect PA. The superficial breast dose was 754.00±68.36 μGy on the medial side and 674.06±45.58 μGy on the lateral side in the erect AP, 70.66±7.98 μGy on the medial side, and 86.46±15.35 μGy on the lateral side in the erect PA. There was a statistically significant difference in the difference between the mean values of the medial and lateral side doses in the deep and superficial areas of the breast according to the postural change (p <0.01). As a result of this study, If the abdominal radiography was examined in the PA position, the dose reduction effect was 72.78% on the medial side, 64.10% on the lateral side of the deep breast, 90.62% on the medial side, and 87.17% on the lateral side of the superficial breast compared to the AP position.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제33권
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• pp.55-62
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• 2021

목 적: 방사선 피부염은 유방암 방사선 치료로 인해 발생하는 가장 흔한 부작용 중 하나로 본 연구는 자세오차에 따른 피부선량 차이를 분석하여 방사선 치료 부작용을 줄이고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 3D 프린터를 이용하여 유방 모형을 제작하고, 그것을 팬텀에 적용하였으며, 컴퓨터단층촬영을 통해 영상을 획득하였다. 처방선량의 95%가 들어가는 치료계획용적이 체적의 95%이상이 될 수 있도록, Dmax가 처방선량의 107%넘지 않게 치료계획하였다. 자세오차는 X축, Y축, Z축으로 ±1mm/±3mm/±5mm를 동일하게 적용하여 비교평가하였다. 결 과 : 자세오차 시 피부선량의 변동성은 처방선량 대비 약 106%에서 약 123%였으며 가장 큰 피부선량의 증가는 X축의 바깥쪽(lateral) 방향 5mm 자세오차에서 49.24 Gy였다. 처방선량 대비 107%이상의 영역은 skin lateral에서 6.87 cc로 가장 넓게 나타났다. 결 론 : 좌측 유방암 용적 변조 회전 방사선 치료 시 자세오차가 일어났을 경우 X축의 바깥쪽 방향에서 처방선량 대비 가장 큰 피부선량의 차이가 나타났다. 이를 통해 치료실 CBCT 정합 시 치료받는 쪽 유방의 Y축, Z축을 정합하는 것도 물론 중요하지만 X축을 정합하는데 더 노력한다면 치료 간 피부선량의 변동성을 더 줄이기 위한 효과적인 방법으로 사료된다.