• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.533-543
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of low power GaAsAl laser on the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation using different treatment points, acupuncture point (zusanli) and non-acupuncture points(back). Furthermore, we investigated the analgesic effect of low power GaAsAl laser using the different duration and intensity of laser in mechanical stimulation induced pain behavior. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The threshold of mechanical stimulation was significantly increased by GaAsAl laser stimulation into zusanli point after 15 and 30 min after laser stimulation(P<05). However, the laser stimulation into non-acupoint did not affect the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation. with dose dependent manner. 2. In order to investigate the analgesic effects of BV depending upon different intensities of laser stimulation, the experimental animals were divided into three groups: 3 mW treated group, 6 mW treated group and 10 mW treated group. The low power GaAsAl laser stimulation was applied into zusanli acupoint for 30 min with different intensity of laser stimulation. Six and ten mW of laser stimulation significantly increased the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation at 15 min after laser stimulation as compared to that of control group(P<.05). Moreover, the analgesic effect of 10 mW laser stimulation was maintained for 30 min after laser stimulation (P<.05). 3. Finally, we tested the analgesic effect of 10 mW laser stimulation using different duration such as 10 min, 30 min or 1 hr after application of mechanical stimulation. In 30 min treatment group, the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation was increased at 15min and 30min after laser stimulation(P<.05). However, laser stimulation for 60 min dramatically increased the pain threshold of mechanical stimulation at 0 min after laser stimulation and the analgesic effect of laser stimulation was observed until 1 hr after laser stimulation. In conclusion, these data apparently demonstrate that low power GaAsAl laser has analgesic effect on mechanical induced pain model in rats. In addition, the treated point, intensity and duration of laser stimulation should be concerned before clinical application for pain management purpose.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.180-189
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• 2003

The experiments were designated to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on acupoint or non-acupoint using arthrogenic solution induced poly arthritis animal model. Evaluation of potential antinociceptive effect of low power laser on arthritis has employed measurements of the foot bending test, the development of either thermal or mechanical hyperalgesia following the arthritis induction. The analysis of thermal hyperalgesia includes Hargreaves's method. Randall-Sellitto test was utilized for evaluating mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on arthritis induced spinal Fos expression was analyzed using a computerized image analysis system. The results were summerized as follows: 1. In laser stimulation on acupoint treated animal, laser stimulation dramatically inhibited the development of pain in foot bending test as compared to those of non acupoint treated animal group and non treated animal group. 2. The threshold of thermal stimulation was significantly increased by low power laser stimulation on acupoint as compared to that of non treated control group. 3. Laser stimulation on acupoint dramatically attenuated the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as compared to that of non treated group. 4. Low power laser stimulation on acupoint significantly suppressed arthritis induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 week post arthritis induction. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low power laser stimulation on acupoint has potent anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis. Additional supporting data for an antinociceptive effect of laser stimulation was obtained using Fos immunohistochemical analysis on spinal cord section. Those data indicated that laser stimulation induced antinociception was mediated by suppression of spinal neuron activity in pain sensation.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.545-558
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• 2000

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of low power GaAsAl laser on Fos expression in the spinal cord induced by noxious mechanical stimulation. Noxious mechanical stimulation was applied to the right hind paw following 30min of low power laser treatment using different intensity and treatment point and the resulting Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn was compared to that obtained in rats exposed only to the noxious mechanical stimulation. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In intact control rats, only a few Fos like immunoreactive(Fos-IR) neurons were evident in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Similarly, following prolonged inhalation anesthesia, Fos-IR neurons were absent in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. In animals treated with noxious mechanical stimulation, neurons with nuclei exhibiting Fos immunostaining were distributied mainly in the medial half of ipsilateral laminae I-V at lumbar segments L3-5. These findings directly indicated that prolonged anesthesia used in this study did not affect the Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn of intact animals and noxious mechanical stimulation treated animals. 2. In acupoint treated animals, 10mW of laser stimulation, not 3mW intensity, significantly reduced the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn induced by noxious mechanical stimulation(P<.01). However, the supressive effect of low power laser stimulatin was not observed in 3m Wand 10m W of laser stimulation into non-acupoint. These data indicate that 10mW of low power laser stimulation into acupoint is capable of inhibiting the expression of Fos in the dorsal horn induced by noxious mechanical stimulation. In conclusion, these findings raise the possibility that low power laser stimulation into acupoint may be a promising alternative medicine therapy for the mechanical stimulation induced pain in the clinical field.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1005-1013
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• 2001

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of low power GaAlAs laser on spinal Fos expression related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. Low power GaAlAs laser was applied to either acupoint or non-acupoint for 2 hour under light inhalation anesthesia. Spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn was compared to that obtained in inhalation anesthesia control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of the local treatment of lidocaine on the spinal Fos expression evoked by low power GaAlAs laser stimulation. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In the normal animals, only a few Fos like immunoreactive(Fos-IR) neurons were evident in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Similarly, following prolonged inhalation anesthesia, Fos-IR neurons were absent in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. In animals treated with laser stimulation, Fos immunoreactive neurons were increased mainly in the medial half of ipsilateral laminae I-III at lumbar segments L3-5. These findings directly indicated that prolonged anesthesia used in this study did not affect the Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn of intact animals and low power laser stimulation dramatically produced Fos expression in the spinal cord laminae that are related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. 2. In acupoint stimulated animals, 10mW of laser stimulation, not 3mW and 6mW intensity, significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn(p<0.05). However, laser stimulation on acupoint more dramatically increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord rather than laser stimulatin on non acupoint. These result suggested that laser stimulatin on acupoint was more effective treatment to activate the spinal neuron than non acupoint stimulation. 3. The local treatment of lidocaine totally suppressed the activity of spinal neurons that were induced by lower power 1aser stimulation. These data indicated that the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation was absolutely dependent upon the peripheral nerve activity in the stimulated location. In conclusion, these data indicate that 10mW of low power laser stimulation into acupoint is capable of inducing the spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation, Furthermore, the induction of spinal Fos expression was totally related to the peripheral nerve activity in the laser stimulated area.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Optical stimulation provides a promising alternative to electrical stimulation to selectively modulate tissue. However, developing noninvasive techniques to directly stimulate excitable tissue without introducing genetic modifications and minimizing cellular stress remains an ongoing challenge. Infrared (IR) light has been used to achieve optical pacing for electrophysiological studies in embryonic quail and mammalian hearts. Here, we demonstrate optical stimulation and pacing of the embryonic chicken heart using a pulsed infrared thulium laser with a wavelength of 1927 nm. By recording stereomicroscope outputs and quantifying heart rates and movements through video processing, we found that heart rate increases instantly following irradiation with a large spot size and high radiant exposure. Targeting the atrium using a smaller spot size and lower radiant exposure achieved pacing, as the heart rate synchronized with the laser to 2 Hz. This study demonstrates the viability of using the 1927 nm thulium laser for cardiac stimulation and optical pacing, expanding the optical parameters and IR lasers that can be used to modulate cardiac dynamics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.251-262
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• 2008

In this study we investigated the effects of physical therapeutic intervention through electromyography, ultrasonographic imaging and changes of the IL-$1{\beta}$, IGF-1 and IGF-2 in skeletal muscle of rats injured experimentally. The twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the 4 groups: a normal, a control, a low power laser and a neuromuscular electrical stimulation group. Abnormal spontaneous activities had not been shown, both in normal and skeletal muscle injured rats. The maximum diameter of the calf muscle was significantly increased in the low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation groups compared with control group. The level of the serum IL-$1{\beta}$ was more decreased in the low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation groups than that of control group. The activation level of the IGF-1 and the IGF-2 were significantly higher in the control, low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation groups than that of normal group. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the control, low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation groups.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.986-994
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• 1999

This study was carried out (a) to investigate the variations of blood chemistry and (b) to examine the secretion trend of endocrine substances in a dog model after electroacupuncture and laser stimulation at different time period(9 to 11a.m. and 6 to 8p.m.). Two acupuncture points ; Da Zhui(GV-14) and Shen Shu(BL-23) were electroacupunctured for 20 minutes with 2Vol, 20Hz and irradiated for 5 minutes with 8,000Hz. Before stimulation and after a lapse of time(10-minutes, 30-minutes and 60-minutes) all dogs were checked the following parameters ; cortisol, ACTH, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, Ca, P, SGPT, SGOT and creatinine. The results were as follow : The levels of cortisol and ACTH have been increased 10 minutes after the stimulation of the electroacupuncture and laser. The higher levels of cortisol and ACTH have been decreased to keep the normal levels from 30 minutes after the stimulation of the electroacupuncture and laser. The RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and WBC showed the physiological phenomena in the electroacupuncture and laser stimulation. In sero chemical analysis, calcium, phosphate, SGOT, SGPT and creatinine levels were within normal physiological ranges.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2002

We designed the experiments to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of low power laser stimulation on acupoint or non-acupoint using arthrogenic solution induced poly arthritis animal model. In order to achieve the experimental purpose, change in body weight paw edema, pathological changes in inflammed pint and the serum interlukin-6 level were measured after arthritis induction in acupoint later stimulated group, non acupoint laser stimulated group and non treated control animal. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The consistent increase in body weight was observed in the normal animal during whole experimental period, while the induction of arthritis significantly suppressed increase in body weight from the 15 day after arthritis induction. Especially, non treated animal group showed more suppressive effect on increase in body weight as compared to that of low power laser stimulated groups (P<0.05). 2. Low power laser stimulation on acupoint (Zusanli) significantly inhibited edema in the left side paw from the 12th day after arthritis induction as compared to that of non treated animals. This suppressive effect on paw edema was maintained until the end of experiment. 3. Laser treatment on acupoint dramatically suppressed the radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by arthritis as compared to that of non treated group animals. 4. Low power laser treatment reduced the increase in serum interlukin-6 caused by arthritis induction to levels observed in the normal animals. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low power laser stimulation on acupoint has potent anti-inflammatory effect on arthritis. Thus it is recommended that low power laser be used for long term treatment of arthritis induced inflammation. However, further study is necessary to clarify the possible side effect of laser treatment depending upon intensity and duration of stimulation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1996

The purpose of this study were to 1) determine the analgesic effect of 632.8 nm of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser stimulation on acupuncture point in rat and 2) determine the reversal of analgesic effect by naloxone injection. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were devided into three groups : control (n=6) : laser (n=6), laser stimulation at $3.58\;J/cm^2$ ; and naloxone (n=6), 1 mg/kg of naloxone chloride inject into peritoneum before laser stimulation at $3.63J/cm^2$. Tail-flick latency were measured pretreat and posttreat with hot plate $(55^{\circ}C)$. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-teat for tail-flick latency. No significant change was noted in the tail-flick latency in either control or naloxone groups. But significant increased in tail-flick latency in taller group. The results suggest that He-Ne laser induced analgesic effect, and endogenous opioids may be involved in He-Ne laser induced analgesia.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.2335-2342
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• 2007

Laser stimulation has been widely studied and used in clinic. However, electrical response by laser stimulation on meridians has not been investigated. In this study, we compared electric potential of laser and acupuncture stimulation on meridians. We measured electric potential variation at acupoints(Samgan(LI3) and Hapgok(LI4)) on Large Intestine Meridian. In laser stimulation results, average peak electric potential is very low($7.53{\pm}3.44{\mu}V$) for before and after stimulation. However, acupuncture stimulation was performed in ground connection condition and resulted in huge variation of average peak electric potential($2.65{\pm}1.53mV$). That is, the intensity and pattern of electric potential were dependent on the ground connection condition and individual. Also, the electric potential pattern was very similar to the pattern of electric charge and discharge of capacitor. The acupuncture stimulation using a insulating needle resulted in lower average peak electric potential variation($0.25{\pm}0.16mV$) than that of acupuncture stimulation. It might present little electrical response of acupuncture stimulation using insulating needles. In point of electrical response, the laser stimulation was determined to be no acupuncture effect at meridian. Acupuncture stimulation seems to be most effective method to induce electrical response at meridians. The procedure and effect of acupuncture might be considered as energy consensus phenomenon by transportation of bio-ion charge between a practitioner and patient.