• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2015

The information of flow regimes continues to be norm in water resource and watershed management, in that stream flow regime is a crucial factor influencing water quality, geomorphology, and the community structure of stream biota. The objectives of this study were to estimate Korean stream flows from landscape variables, classify stream flow gages using hydraulic characteristics, and then apply these methods to ungaged biological monitoring sites for effective ecological assessment. Here I used a linear modeling approach (MLR, PCA, and PCR) to describe and predict seasonal flow statistics from landscape variables. MLR models were successfully built for a range of exceedance discharges and time frames (annual, January, May, July, and October), and these models explained a high degree of the observed variation with r squares ranging from 0.555 (Q95 in January) to 0.899 (Q05 in July). In validation testing, predicted and observed exceedance discharges were all significantly correlated (p<0.01) and for most models no significant difference was found between predicted and observed values (Paired samples T-test; p>0.05). I classified Korean stream flow regimes with respect to hydraulic and hydrologic regime into four categories: flashier and higher-powered (F-HP), flashier and lower-powered (F-LP), more stable and higher-powered (S-HP), and more stable and lower-powered (S-LP). These four categories of Korean streams were related to with the characteristics of environmental variables, such as catchment size, site slope, stream order, and land use patterns. I then applied the models at 684 ungaged biological sampling sites used in the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program in order to classify them with respect to basic hydrologic characteristics and similarity to the government's array of hydrologic gauging stations. Flashier-lower powered sites appeared to be relatively over-represented and more stable-higher powered sites under-represented in the bioassessment data sets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.50-60
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prime factors that affect user satisfaction of area and facilities in urban forests, to classify those factors, to find out factorial structure of user satisfaction about them, and then to suggest important indicators in the urban forest planning, design, and development. The survey research was done using the self-administered questionnaire method by the people in the city of the Pusan who participated in recreational activities in the Mt. Keumjung. Factor analysis was used to extract the prime factors related to the recreational satisfaction concerning the area and facilities of the urban forest by the SPSS program, and then prime factors were used to investigate the factorial structure of user recreational satisfaction in the urban forest by the LInear Structure RELation program. According to the factor analysis concerning the 13 variables, 4 prime factors by the statistical values were considered as effective, indicating, 'health and recreational facilities', 'convenience and management facilities','facilities for the physical and psychological training' and 'historical and cultural areas'. The results of the causal structure analysis were identified as having significant effects mutually on endogenous variables, 'overall recreational satisfaction of the areas and facilities in the Mt. Keumjung','health and recreational facilities','convenience and management facilities','facilities for the psychological training', and 'historical and cultural areas'. But exogenous variables which have significant effects on endogenous variables were also indentified. Overall fits of both causal model were very good. The hypothetical causal structural equation models based on the results found partially significant correlation between dndogenous variables and between envogenous and exogenous variables. These significant relationships indiate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning, design, and development of the urban forests. Therefore, development direction of the Mt. Keumjung has to be analyzed as significant factors concerning user recreational satisfaction in a systematic was, recognized as important variables for planning process. The plan for development and management also should reflect the natural conservation policy from the environmental conservation movement like natural conservation advertisement and environmental education.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.44-56
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze user satisfaction for park facilities in Bukhansan National Park and to introduce a new framework of standards for facilities improvement. An initial theoretical model considered possible variables through a case study of user satisfaction for park facilities and eventually 19 variables were chosen. An analysis was conducted of the user's satisfaction based on their expectations before use and the results after use. This expectancy-result disconfirmation was measured for the 19 variables. Statistical methods were applied to determine the reliability of the analysis, the t-test was used to measure disconfirmation between expectations and results, and relationships between the variables were analyzed. The results of the reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha) were higher than 0.8. Therefore, almost all variables were appropriate for analysis. Statistically significant differences were found between expectations and results for following variables: availability of information facilities and accessibility, convenience of facilities, number of information facilities, appropriateness of information facilities, information offered, safety and convenience. Based on the analysis of the interrelation between variables, it was found that the visitors were more satisfied after their visit than they expected to be. The results of the study suggest which variables make the greatest contributions to facilities maintenance or improvement and which can be adapted to maximize user satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.127-140
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• 1991

The Primary purpose of this study is to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on user satisfaction with recreational facilities in Taejong-Dae recreational complex, thereby establishing indices of planning and development of urban parks and open space. To test the causal models of this research, the date were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 967 households in Pusan City which were selected by the multi-stage probability sampling methood. The analysis of the multi-stage primarily consists of two phase : The first analysis dealt exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational activities and facilities in Taejong-Dae recreational complex and the second analysis tested the fit of the causal models of this research by employing LISREL methodology. There are three advantages of using LISREL over other multivariate analysis methods : First, measurement error is allowed and calculated in LISREL, otherwise there is a risk of seriously misleading estimates of coefficients ; Second, LISREL deals with latent variables or unmeasured variables ; Third, it enables to test causal relations among variables. The factors analysis identified that five factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The five factors of satisfaction with recreational facilities are space for repose and relaxation, active recreation facilities such as pool and zoo, physical exercise facility, convenience and maintenance facility, and linear facility, and linear facility for walking. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with Taejong-Dae recreational complex, other endogenous factors and exogenous variables. Overall fits of both causal models were very good. Among endogenous factors, facility for repose and relaxation. linear facility for walking, active recreation facility, facility for convenience and maintenance were identified as having significant effects on overall satisfaction. Exogenous variables which have significant effects on endogenous variables wer also identified. These significant relationships indicate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and development of the recreational complex. On the basis of these significant causal relationships, implications for planning and the delovepment of Taejong-Dae recreational complex were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the quality of the street environment in residential areas on the mental health of urban residents, considering the frequency of street use. Using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model, the study analyzed the influence of walking frequency and the street environment on depressive symptoms of urban residents. The research focused on Seoul, South Korea, in 2017, with depressive symptoms as the dependent variable and street environment variables, walking variables, and individual characteristics as independent variables. Additionally, the study explores the interaction effect of street greenery and walking frequency to analyze the synergistic impacts of walking in green spaces on mental health. The findings indicate that a higher ratio of street green areas is associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Increased walking frequency is linked to a reduction in depressive symptoms or a weaker manifestation of such symptoms. The interaction effect confirms that more frequent walking in green spaces is associated with weaker depressive symptoms. Lower ratios of visual complexity are correlated with reduced depressive symptoms. This study contributes to addressing urban residents' mental health issues at the community level by emphasizing the importance of the street green environment in residential areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2004

Urban stream restoration projects can improve water quality, wildlife habitats, urban landscape, outdoor recreation spaces, and urban microclimate. The objectives of this research were to investigate temperature cooling effect of urban streams by using satellite imagery, to evaluate environmental variables related to stream cooling effect, and to estimate the cooling effect of the Cheonggye stream restoration project of Seoul, Korea. Findings of this research can be summarized as follows. First, a method of estimating temperature distribution around urban streams by using satellite imagery was developed. Scatter plots of distance from stream edges and average temperature obtained through multiple buffering were used for the estimation. Second, urban temperature cooling effect of streams was estimated by comparing background temperature and temperature of each buffer zone. Third, environmental factors affecting stream cooling effect were also identified. Fourth, the temperature cooling effect of the restoration project was estimated based on three scenarios. An estimated cooling effect based on the average cooling effect of existing tributaries showed the most significant effect; $2.0^{\circ}C$ lower than the present level at the edge of the renovated stream. It was estimated that the temperature of the same area would be $1.4^{\circ}C$ cooler than the present level if the cooling effect of the Yangjaechun was used as the bench mark But the effect would be $1.2^{\circ}C$ lower than the present level if environmental variables related to the temperature cooling effect of urban streams were used as the bench mark.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.34-44
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for land use in the future, which result from analyzing land use, obtained after studying on the natural environment by Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. The results of this study are as follows : ·According to the classification of land-cover, agricultural land use is relatively prominent except for overall natural covering. According to the average value of Green Vegetation Index class, the average value of GVI is 3.0, and 45% of the regions have relatively good condition of floral state. ·With a view to natural environment, the survey shows that the altitude of 90% of the total areas is below 400m, and most of them are flattened or moderately-inclined area. Therefore, this region has a good condition to be used for development. · The area for the first class in preservation degree of natural scenery of Namcheon-Myun is 2.3% of the total areas. According to the results about unstable areas on all sides, unstable districs are distributed in so small-scale units that they will be safe from some damages drawn by developing activity. But we have to consider every aspects for the future development of them. In this study, the natural environment-variables are regarded firstly, and effective designation of the land with natural environment is researched too. However, to establish more practical developing plan, ecological and human variables should be regarded.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.29-37
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to determine the suitable illuminance model of an urban neighborhood park. To this end, 1 dependent variable and 11 independent variables were set, and multiple regression analysis was applied to find correlation between variables and the model. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Among 11 independent variables abstracted to study suitable illuminance model of an urban neighborhood park, as a result of analysis on correlation between suitable illuminance of a dependent variable and activity space by using dummy variables, activity type and illuminance by spaces the suitable illuminance required for an urban neighborhood park was much influenced by activity type, and the fact that the activity was not limited to a specific space. 2) As a result of multiple regression analysis, independent variables influencing the suitable illuminance model of an urban neighborhood park were activity space, illuminance by spaces, seated activity, standing activity, and sporting activity. And, for relative contribution of independent variables to suitable illuminance, activity with sporting showed an importance 22 times higher than seated activity. When the central square(Sp_1) of activity spaces was set to reference category using dummy variables, it showed a contribution 52 times higher than sorting space(Sp_7) and the central square as the most important variable. 3) It was analyzed that suitable illuminance of an urban neighborhood part was most influenced by sporting activity but the relative contribution of a sporting space where activity with sporting occurs was least in view of the function of the space. Very high illuminance is required to accept high activity, and if illuminance at a certain space becomes too high, it may influence the illuminance of other spaces, and may consequently have a negative effect on the suitable illuminance of an urban neighborhood park. The results of this study were mainly for teenagers and young adults in their twenties, so further concrete studies which consider gender and a wider age range are needed in the future. Based on subsequent study, suitable illuminance by spaces shall be suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.48-56
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• 2007

This study was to understand the component that affects the formative beauty and to present the direction of bridge design for improving the image of urban landscape to survey the visual effect and landscape Preference by the change of bridge type. The results of this study are as follows. In the results of image analysis by bridge types, the images of one-arch bridges are unique and interesting, whereas more than two successive arched bridge were harmonize, stable, consecutive and regular. In the case of the arch rib, braced-rib arch bridge was assessed that complicated, diverse and interesting more than solid-rib arch bridge. The results of factor analysis on the psychological factor were classified into three categories: orderliness, aesthetic and symbolism. In the results of analysis on psychological factors by bridge types, the orderliness and symbolism were different in the position of path, and the number of arches, too. In case of arch rib, symbolism was different. In the preference analysis, they showed a sensitive reaction in the background of building. In the results of the relativity preference and psychological factor, according to aesthetic, symbolism and orderliness, there was an effect on the background of building. And, there showed the high effect in order of aesthetic, orderliness and symbolism in the background of mountain and building. This study should be objective raw data of the arch bridge design for improving the urban landscape. In the future, aesthetic variables like colors or textures should be considered for more exact evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.768-777
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• 2006

The purpose of this study lies in formulating the landscape preference model using a conditional logit that involves the effect of visual elements as well as landscape itself on landscape preferences. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire composed of paired photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and the Jirisan National Park of Korea was distributed to visitors to the Jirisan National Park of Korea. Visual elements of landscape quantitatively measured by photogrammetry were reduced to orthogonal principal components that were subsequently used as explanatory variables in a conditional logit. As a result, the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself satisfied the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) property and showed reliable goodness of fit (${\rho}^2=0.25$). It was concluded that the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself was appropriate for landscape preference model rather than usual conditional logit excluding the effect.