• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.311-321
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• 2009

Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) was modified to improve runoff and pollutant load prediction for Korean watersheds with changes in land use classification and event mean concentration produced from observed data in Korea. The L-THIA model was linked with SCE-UA, which is one of the global optimization techniques, to automatically calibrate direct runoff. Modified L-THIA model was applied to Gumho River Basins to analyze spatial distribution of nonpoint source pollution. The results of model calibration during 1991~2000 and validation during 1981~1990 for direct runoff represented high model efficiency of 0.76 for calibration and 0.86 for validation. As a results of spatial analysis of nonpoint source pollution, the BOD was mainly loaded from urban area but SS, TN, and TP from agricultural area which is mainly located along the stream. Modified L-THIA model improve its accuracy with minimum imput data and application efforts. From this study, we can find out the L-THIA model is very useful tool to predict direct runoff and pollutant loads from the watershed and spatial analysis of nonpoint source pollution.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.657-670
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• 2015

Visibility and Automatic Weather System(AWS) data near Nakdong river were analyzed to characterize fog formation during 2012-2013. The temperature was lower than its nearby city - Daegu, whereas the humidity was higher than the city. 157 fog events were observed in total during the 2 year period. About 65% of the events occurred in fall (September, October, and November) followed by winter, summer, and spring. 94 early morning fog events of longer than 30 minutes occurred when south westerly wind speed was lower than 2 m/s. During these events, the water temperature was highest followed by soil surface and air temperatures due to the advection of cold and humid air from nearby hill. The observed fog events were categorized using a fog-type classification algorithm, which used surface cooling, wind speed threshold, rate of change of air temperature and dew point temperature. As a result, frontal fog observed 6 times, radiation 4, advection 13, and evaporation 66. The evaporation fog in the study area lasted longer than other reports. It is due to the interactions of cold air drainage flow and warm surface in addition to the evaporation from the water surface. In particular, more than 60% of the evaporation fog events were accompanied with cold air flows over the wet and warm surface. Therefore, it is needed for the identification of the inland fog mechanism to evaluate the impacts of nearby topography and land cover as well as water body.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2013

We have conducted pyrosequencing for freshwater microbial community analyses. Fourteen sites along the Yeongsan river were selected for this study, and samples were collected monthly from May to July, 2012. Total 987,380 reads were obtained from 42 samples and used for taxonomic classification and OTU distribution analysis. Our results showed that high geographical and temporal variation in the phylum level bacterial composition, suggesting that microbial community is a very sensitive parameter affected by the surrounding environments including tributaries and land use nearby. In addition, we conducted an OTU-based Microbial Source Tracking to identify sources of fecal pollution in the same region. From this study Firmicutes was found to be the most influential taxa in this region. Here, we report that the use of pyrosequencing based microbial community analysis may give an additional information on freshwater quality monitoring, in addition to the currently used water quality parameters, such as BOD and pH.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.195-212
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to contributing the influence factors in the real estate marketing strategy which largely affects the success of a real estate sale and development projects. Articles have to be concluded with the Influence factors of Satisfaction based on the type of Real Estate through PLS Regression Analysis. Building data was conducted by the target population specializing in the real estate sale and development business. Classification of real estate business classified by the way of the residential and non-residential parted. In the case of Housing type in the analysis result, the main factors were made by calculating the each factor such as brand trust, Strengthening the alliance and partnership, Traffic environment, Relaxing the requirements for a Real estate sales, Business presentation, Unsold benefits and Relaxing the requirements for payment. Otherwise, In the case of non-residential in the analysis result, the factors such as Relaxing the requirements for payment, Customer Orientation, living environment, Unsold benefits, Strengthening the alliance and partnership and communication terms made an influence to satisfaction.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

Backgrounds: In arid grasslands, wells are subject to heavy trampling and grazing pressure, which can increase vulnerability to local land degradation. To investigate trampling and grazing, we surveyed plant communities at three well sites in the desert steppe of Mongolia, using 1600-m line transects from the wells. The sites (Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL) differed by concomitant shrub type (big shrub, small shrub, and shrub-limited) and livestock pressure (light, medium, and heavy). A plant classification scheme based on edibility and morphology (rosette or creeping type) was used to separate grazing and trampling effects on plant communities. Results: Edible plants were dominant at all sites but a fraction of grazing- and trampling-tolerant plants increased in the order Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL, following livestock pressure. Clear transition zones from inedible to edible plant groups were recognized but at different locations and ranges among the sites. Trampling-tolerant plants explained 90% of inedible plants at Sshrub with camels and horses, but grazing-tolerant plants prevailed (60%) at shrubL with the largest livestock number. Plant coverage increased significantly along the transects at Bshrub and Sshrub but showed no meaningful change at shrubL. Herbaceous plant biomass showed significant positive and negative trends at Bshrub and shrubL, respectively. Conclusions: Both grazing and trampling can produce larger fractions of inedible plants; in this, camel and horses can have considerable effects on desert-steppe plant communities through trampling.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.77-89
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• 2001

The research is intended to evaluate the soil pollution quality of Chungbuk province with Soil Network which is executed every year. The survey executed with Soil Network in 1999 represented that the soil quality of Chungbuk province was relatively good as the average concentrations of contaminants in soil were Cd: 0.146 mg/17g, Cu: 3.143 mgHg, As: 0.636 mg/kg, Hg: 0.012 mg/kg, Pb): 4.505 mg/kg, $Cr^{+6}$ not detected, and the average pH was 6.1. The reckoned soil Pollution score (SPS) of Chungbuk province has been shown much low SPS distribution in the range from 1.6 to 141.7, average 31.0. However, it has been represented relatively high SPS distribution at Chungju, Tanyang, and Chinchon, respectively, It also huts represented high SPS distribution not only at agricultural area and waste area for the Pollution sources but at a paddy field and dry field for land use. The classification of soil pollution class(SPC) based on soil pollution score(SPS) was SPC 1 under 100 of SPS at 212 areas which were 98.6% of total 215 areas and SPC 2 over 100 of SPS at only three area left. There was no area exceeding soil pollution value among the whole Soil Network areas investigated, and the whole average for each items was much lower level th퍼n soil Pollution value was. When the average concentration of heavy metals and the average pH in soil of Chungbuk province are compared with the natural contents of that in Korea, the research is concluded that the average concentration of heavy met is relatively similar to the natural contents of that and the average pH in soil of Chungbuk province is a little higher than the natural contents of that. From this method, soil quality of most of the Soil Network area was estimated to be healthy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.6 s.84
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• pp.7-18
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• 2005

Currently, design speed selection is chosen by highway function, terrain type and area type. But some standards in classifing highway function let designer decide design speed in an arbitrary manner and too rough a highway function classification system leads to a road function which can not reflect road design, and some ambiguity of terrain type leads to a road which can not reflect land use pattern. Highway design based on traffic volume level without considering area type can result high construction cost. This research paper provides new highway design standards which are based on the refinement of highway design speed selection procedure. The new design speed is summarized to be determined by a more detailed highway function, terrain type, and area type that were made considering South Korean characteristics. The new highway function is established by adopting highway function reclassification and design volumes and rural town center reclassification and new design standards for terrain type selection are developed in this research by analyzing South Korean GIS Data Base obtained over the national government offices.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2016

Accurate settlement estimation of dredged soft soil deposits is significantly important to prevent potential disasters during land reclamation. An application of the non-linear finite strain consolidation theory is inevitable in dealing with a very soft ground formation such as dredged fill. In this paper, a series of the sedimentation-consolidation test, self-weight consolidation test and CRS test were conducted to clarify sedimentation and consolidation characteristics of dredged fill in the Songdo area, Incheon. In addition, the settlement of dredged fill was numerically simulated using the PSDDF program. The dredged soil obtained from the Songdo area was classified as low-compressible silt (ML) based on USCS (Unified Soil Classification System), and the final bulking factors were estimated to be 1.56 and 1.17 by Yano's method and the numerical simulation, respectively. This difference is attributable to relatively high reclaimed height and large permeability of dredged soil in this region.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This study describes measurements of fast ice recorded on May 23, 2009, in Kongsfjorden (translated as 'Kongs Fjord'), an inlet on the west coast of Spitsbergen in the Svalbard Archipelago. Seasonal fast ice is an important feature for Svalbard fjords, both in relation to their physical environment and also the local ecosystem, since it grows seaward from the coast and remains in place throughout the winter. Ice thickness, snow, ice properties, and wind speed were measured, while SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data was observed simultaneously observed two times from ALOS-PALSAR (L-band). Measured ice thickness was about 25-35 cm while the thickness of ice floe broken from fast ice was measured as 10-15 cm. Average salinity was 1.9-2.0 ppt during the melting period. Polarimetric data was used to extract H/A/alpha-angle parameters of fast ice, ice floe, snow and glacier, which was classified into 18 classes based on these parameters. It was established that the area of fast ice represents surface scattering which indicates low and medium entropy surface scatters such as Bragg and random surfaces, while fast ice covered with snow belongs to a zone of low entropy surface scattering similar to snow-covered land surfaces. The results of this study will contribute to various interpretations of interrelationships between H/A/alpha parameters and the wave scattering Phenomenon of sea ice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.96-96
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to find out and confirm the project formulation, feasibility, scale and locations on the farmland development projects such as planned and ongoing tideland reclamation and irrigation facilities along the western coast of North Korea using satellite image data, Landsat TM, JERS OPS and SPOT PAN and aged maps. In order to apply to the study, remote sensing technologies such as geometric correction. digital mosaicking, image merging, linear extraction and land cover classification were studied. As the results of the study, the reclaimable tidal flats are recognized at about 178,000 ha equivalent to 59% of announced 300,000ha. and 16,000 ha of completed, 17,000 ha of ongoing project areas although 27,000 ha were revealed to be completed during 1987-1993. Almost planned projects are appeared to be shortage of water supply due to their small watersheds, however, most projects are connected with 2000 mile canal system.