• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.211-224
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• 2003

Good's lambda test, a permutation test used to detect the changes of microorganism composition under two pathological conditions, has been quite popular for studying the micro-flora responsible for periodontal disease. A vast number of different micro-flora in the mouth renders the traditional chi-square test inapplicable. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the power of this test so that the sample size can be determined at the design stage. The robustness of this test and its comparison to two other intuitive tests are also presented. It is found that a permutation test based on likelihood ratio is more powerful than the lambda test in our simulated cases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.179-180
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• 2009

We propose the method of analysis, separation, and express from normalized and standard method to reduce the problem with the existing scene change detection and the complicated and variety of images of real change. In this paper, we propose a new local ${\lambda}^2$-test which was combined the ${\lambda}^2$-existing test methods and local color histograms. This method is robust method of abrupt and gradual detection and solve the problem of traditional method.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.146-146
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• 2000

This paper presents field test results of the GPS precise positioning using carrier phase observable. The Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment(LAMBDA) method is implemented to resolve integer ambiguity problem for two epoch Ll carrier phase measurement data. Field test results show that the GPS precise positioning of cm-level accuracy is obtainable with conventional low cost, single frequency C/A code GPS receivers.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 1993

The Proposed goodness-of-fit test Statistic $\hat{\lambda}_{\alpha}$ derived from the test Statistc in Kim (1992) is itself a smoothing parameter which is selected to minimize an estimated MISE for a truncated series estimator, $d_{\hat{\lambda}{n}}$, of the comparison density function. Therefore, this test statistic leads immediately to a point estimate of the density function in the event that $H_{0}$ is ejected. The limiting distribution of $\hat{\lambda}_{\alpha}$ was obtained under the null hypothesis. It is also shown that this test is consistent against fixed alternatives.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.122-136
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to investigate the problem of goodness-of-fit testing based on nonparametric density estimation with a data-driven smoothing parameter. The small and large sample properties of a new test statistic $\hat{\lambda_a}$ is investigated. The test statistic $\hat{\lambda_a}$ is itself a smoothing parameter which is selected to minimize an estimated MISE for a truncated series estimator of the comparison density function. Therefore, this test statistic leads immediately to a point estimate of the density function th the event that $H_0$ is rejected. The limiting distribution of $\hat{\lambda_a}$ is obtained under the null hypothesis. It is also shown that this test is consistent against fixed alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1992

The fourier transform method of retrieving the phase of the test wavefront from a Twyman-Green interferometer was reviewed by numerical simulations and experiments. Of the two methods reviewed, Takeda's approach proved more reliable in reconstructing the deformation of the test surface. The application of this approach to a plane mirror showed the existence of the surface curvature, whose maximum deviation was about $\lambda$/6. The accuracy in the measurement was evaluated to be around $\lambda$/40.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.68-70
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• 2009

In this letter, a parametric analysis of the Fresnel-field antenna measurement method is performed for a square aperture. As a result, the optimum number of Fresnel fields for one far-field point is guided as $M_{opt}=N_{opt}=D^2/{\lambda}R+5$, where D is the antenna diameter, ${\lambda}$ is the wavelength, and R is the distance between the source antenna and the antenna under test. For the aperture size 5 ${\leq}$ $L_x/{\lambda}$ ${\leq}$ 20, the tolerable distances for gain errors of 0.5 dB and 0.2 dB can be guided as $R_{0.5\;dB}$ ${\approx}$ $1.2Lx/{\lambda}$ and $R_{0.2\;dB}$ ${\approx}$ $2.0L_x/{\lambda}$, where $L_x$ is the lateral length of the square aperture. The tolerable distances for 20 ${\leq}$ $L_x/{\lambda}$ ${\leq}$ 200 are also proposed. This measurement guideline can be fully utilized when performing the Fresnel-field antenna measurement method.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1999

The midge Chironomus riparius is a member of widespread dipteran insect which has been used for sediment toxicity test. The 2nd-3rd larvae Chironomus riparius were exposed to $^{14}C$-lambda-cyhalothrin in laboratory water only system(A) and sediment-water system(B) at $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The concentration was nominally in the range of 0.16 to $20{\mu}g/{\ell}$ and 62.5 to 8000 ${\mu}g/kg$, respectively. System(A) was prepared by applying the chemical to 250 ml water and introducing Chironomus riparius larvae into the system(day 0). System(B) was prepared by applying the chemical to the 25 g of soil and 250 ml water and shaking and rolling them for two hours. After allowing the system to settle for two days, Chironomus riparius larvae were introduced into the system. After 72 hours, the two systems were terminated and dead larvae were observed. The measurement of residue in water was conducted at the start(day 0) and the end of the study(day 3). The residue of $^{14}C$-lambda-cyhalothrin in water was accounted for approximately 65% of nominal concentration in system(A) and $0.2{\sim}0.4%$ in system) on 3 days. $LC_{50}$ was less than $0.156{\mu}g/{\ell}$ in system(A) and 889 ${\mu}g/kg$ in system(B), based on the nominally applied concentration.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.158-162
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• 2005

Enterobacteria, named ${\lambda}-bacteria$ isolated from fusiform fish, have strong anti-angiogenesis effect. ${\lambda}-28$ species bore higher anti-angiogenesis effect. Cultured liquid was performed salting out, dialysed and freezed dried. This sample was executed size exclusion chromatography with fraction collector. Anti-angiogenesis, cytotoxicity, and SDS-PAGE were carried out with fraction number. ${\lambda}-28$ species was lower toxicity against HUVECs and effective band was conformed with SDS-PAGE.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.179-184
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• 2006

Rapid and high-precision positioning with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is feasible only when very precise carrier-phase observations can be used. There are two kinds of mathematical models for ambiguity resolution. The first one is based on both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements, and the observation equations are of full rank. The second one is only based on carrier phase measurement, which is a rank-defect model. Though the former is more commonly used, the latter has its own advantage, that is, ambiguity resolution will be freed from the effects of pseudorange multipath. Galileo will be operational. One of the important differences between Galileo and current GPS is that Galileo will provide signals in four frequency bands. With more carrier-phase data available, frequency combinations with long equivalent wavelength can be formed, so Galileo will provide more opportunities for fast and reliable ambiguity resolution than current GPS. This paper tries to investigate phase only fast ambiguity resolution performance with four Galileo frequencies for short baseline. Cascading Ambiguity Resolution (CAR) method with selected optimal frequency combinations and LAMBDA method are used and compared. To validate the resolution, two tests are used and compared. The first one is a ratio test. The second one is lower bound success-rate test. The simulation test results show that, with LAMBDA method, whether with ratio test or lower bound success rate validation criteria, ambiguity can be fixed in several seconds, 8 seconds at most even when 1 sigma of carrier phase noise is 12 mm. While with CAR method, at least about half minute is required even when 1 sigma of carrier phase noise is 3 mm. It shows that LAMBDA method performs obviously better than CAR method.