• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1985

Cytological observations in the seven varieties of Juniperus chinensis L. showed three varieties (J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensi.s var. aureo-variegata) were tetraploid with chromosome number, 2n=44, and rest of four varieties (J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentii, J. chinensis var. gtobosa and J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa) to be diploid, 2n=22. Chromosome configuration and behavior in the meiosis of P.M.C. of three tetraploids appeared to be slightly irregular. These results suggest that triploid tree can be artificially produced with these specific clones.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.428-432
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• 2013

From the forest areas in Chungbuk, large amounts of wood wastes by pruning are generated, however most of them considered as by-products are not treated properly with no disposal options. In this work, among diverse wood wastes such as Quercus variabillis, Juniperus chinensis, Larix kaemoferi, and Pinus densiflora, Juniperus chinensis was found to be more effective biosorbent for the removal of lead ions than other wood wastes. Also, the enhancement of lead removal efficiency from the aqueous phase was investigated using Juniperus chinensis waste. It was observed that the optimal initial pH to increase the removal efficiency of 20 mg/L lead ions was 4.0 and the optimal dosage concentration with regard to the biosorbent for the enhanced removal of 50 mg/L lead ions was 0.6 g/100 mL. In addition, chemical treatment of Juniperus chinensis waste with sulfuric acid was required to improve the adsorption capacity for high lead concentrations (over 100 mg/L). When Juniperus chinensis waste was chemically treated with 6 M sulfuric acid, the adsorption quantities of lead ions were 180, 340, and 425 mg/g with regard to 200, 400, and 500 mg/L lead ions concentrations, respectively. These results indicate that the practical biosorbent technology developed in this study is a highly efficient method to treat the lead ion from an aqueous solution.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

Background: Juniperus chinensis L. populations are distributed locally on several areas including coastal cliffs which are difficult to access in the central eastern Korea. Wild populations inhabit relatively barren environments such as rocky areas and cliffs, which are very sensitive to even minor environmental disturbances including artificial interventions and natural disturbances, and thus demonstrate great fluctuations in the population size and density. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity, differentiation, and genetic structure of each population in order to provide useful data required to establish a substantial conservation strategy of J. chinensis. Results: The genetic diversity of J. chinensis at the population level (P = 78.7%, h = 0.282, S.I. = 0.420) was somewhat higher compared with those measured in the same genus, Juniperus. The genetic differentiation degree among nine populations established naturally in central eastern Korea was 11.50% and that among sub-populations within the same area was 5.52%. On the other hand, genetic variation of individuals within the populations was 82.93%. But frequency of the main allele was different among loci. In particular, fixation of allele frequency and occurrence of rare allele in the highly isolated population suggest a likelihood that genetic drift would occur in populations of this plant. As the result of analysis on the genetic structure of nine populations, nearby populations and isolated populations tended to form separate clusters from each other as the hypothetical number of clusters (K) increase. Conclusions: This result implies that if the population size of J. chinensis is reduced due to environmental change and artificial and/or natural disturbances in the future, it could affect negatively on the genetic diversity of the plant species. In order to maintain and conserve genetic diversity of J. chinensis, ecological network, which can help genetic exchange among the local populations, should be prepared, and conservation strategies in situ as well as ex situ are also required with continuous monitoring.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.278-282
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• 2018

The development of treatment technologies for recycling waste woods generated from tree pruning is required in Gangwon province forest. In this study, according to adsorption experiments using three types (Larix kaemoferi, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora) of waste woods, Juniperus chinensis as a biosorbent showing an excellent removal ability was selected for the removal of methylene blue in an aqueous phase. When 0.4 g/100 mL of Juniperus chinensis was used to improve the removal efficiency of methylene blue for 4 h, each 100, 200 and 300 mg/L of methylene blue dissolved in the aqueous phase were removed to 98, 93, and 81%, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data obtained by changing adsorbent concentrations was found to be more consistent with the Langmuir than the Freundlich equation. In addition, based on dynamic experiments by changing the methylene blue concentration, the biosorption kinetics equation was more suitable for a pseudo-second order model. In order to enhance the removal capability of highly concentrated methylene blue, 300 and 400 mg/L of methylene blue were operated for 4 h under 210 rpm of agitation velocity and removal efficiencies were 92 and 76%, respectively. Consequently, these experimental results can be effectively utilized as a new biosorption technology for economically treating methylene blue dissolved in an aqueous phase.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii Henry is a short and creeping evergreen shrub which reaches about 60 cm in height and only occurs in the northeast Asia and in the top of high mountains over the Korea. The Korea Forest Service protects it strictly by law since J. chinensis var. sargentii is an eccentric plant and possibly may be exterminated soon in Korea. This study was carried out to develop the propagation technique by cutting for conservation of genetic resources of J. chinensis var. sargentii. The rooting responses of branch cuttings, obtained from hard(May) and semi-hard wood shoots (August) to four growth regulators, namely, IAA, IBA, NAA and Rooton(exceptionally powder method) applied at various concentrations(0, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 $mgL^{-1}$) were examined in mixed soil media. Rooting rate showed significant difference between cutting times, among kinds and among concentrations of growth regulators. The optimum cutting time was April to May in hardwood cutting. The application of IBA 1000 $mgL^{-1}$(rooting rate : 36.4%) was most effective in callus formation and rooting of cutting. Relatively, rooting of cutting of the control taken in May was 30.4%. Root characteristics such as number, length and diameter of root were not significantly affected by kinds and concentrations of growth regulators in hardwood cutting.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2007

We studied anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities of bio-active components in stem of Juniperus chinensis L. and leaf of Abies koreana Wilson. Those plants of needle leaf tree family were reported to contain anti-cancer compounds. The anti-bacterial activity was tested by Broth dilution method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. As results, Juniperus chinensis L. and Abies koreana Wilson extracts showed 17.0% and 8.5% higher anti-bacterial activity than methyl paraben, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of Juniperus chinensis L. and Abies koreana Wilson extracts showed 45 % and 44 % at 5,000 ppm. We measured polyphenol (catechin equivalent) and flavonoids quantity. The Juniperus chinensis L. extract contained 312 mg/g of polyphenol and 105 mg/g of flavonoids. The Abies koreana Wilson extract contained 280 mg/g of polyphenol and 103.8 mg/g of flavonoids. The cytotoxicity of extracts was measured by neutral red assay. Extracts did not affect the viability of CCK-986sk cells up to a concentration of 1,250 ppm. In conclusion, these data suggest that extracts of needle leaf trees would be usefull as antiseptic agents and anti-oxidants for cosmetic products.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.400-410
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• 2015

Juniperus chinensis (Cupressaceae) is a valuable woody plant resource, but this rare plant is only distributed in restricted regions in Korea. In this study, we surveyed the geographic distribution regions, variation of sex ratio and the dynamics of natural populations of J. chinensis. in order to establish conservation strategies for the sustainable conservation of this important resource tree. The 17 natural populations of J. chinensis are restrictively distributed in the shore cliffs of (1) Ulleungdo island, (2) Gyeongju-si to Gangneung-si of the eastern coast, the riverside cliff along (3) Donggang-river of Jungsun-gun and Pyeongchang-gun and (4) branch of Nakdonggang-river in Uiseong-gun. The populations in Ulleungdo island showed continuous population distribution of over 200 individuals, but populations in other regions had discontinuous population distribution of under 200. The population of J. chinensis surveyed in Korea was estimated in ca. 3,200 individuals. The sex ratio (male/female) among populations of J. chinensis was diverse with variation from 0.46~1.67 range, but showed no significance. The sex ratio of the total individuals by species level was 0.74, and the percentage of female tree was significantly higher than the male. The results of dynamics analysis within population among regions showed that seedlings and saplings of J. chinensis in three regions surveyed were continuously regenerating. The distribution of DBH class showed a stable population structure of inverse J shape graph, but fragmentation and decrease in populations because of invading broad-leaved shrubs and trees from the surroundings were concerned. Further studies, and in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for the sustainable conservation on natural populations of this rare resources woody plant, J. chinensis in Korea are recommended.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2019

This study aimed to select the media for water flooding culture of Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, Osmanthus fragrans Lour., and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach planting into quartz Porphyry and Hydroball. The survival rate of Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach in hydroball 80%+quartz porphyry 20% was 100%, also the ratio of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour. in hydroball 20%+quartz porphyry 80% was 100% and 80%. However survival rate of full water and decomposed granite was less than 80% in Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach and thee rate of Osmanthus fragrans Lour was less than 50%. The increasing rate of fresh weight for Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach in hydroball 80%+quartz porphyry 20% was 58.6% and 15.8% which was higher than others, and the fresh weight was increased as increasing the content of hydrobol. However the fresh weight of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour. in hydroball 20%+quartz porphyry 80% was 71.4% and 59.7% which was higher than others, and the fresh weight was increased as increasing the content of quartz porphyry. The increasing rate of fresh weight of decomposed granite as control was the lowest by 32.7%, 48.0%, 33.3% and 7.0%, respectively in Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, Osmanthus fragrans Lour., and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach. Therefore the survival rate and fresh weight was lower at water and decomposed granite. However the survival rate and increasing fresh weight of Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach was higher as increasing the rate of hydrobol. And the survival rate and fresh weight of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour was higher as increasing the rate of quartz porphyry.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2004

The human skin is constantly exposed to environmental irritants such as ultraviolet, smoke, chemicals. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by these environmental facts play critical roles in cellular damage. These irritants are in themselves damaging to the skin structure but they also participate the immensely complex inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin cell protective effect of Juniperus chinensis xylem extract on the UV and SLS-induced skin cell damages. We tested free radical and superoxide scavenging effect in vitro. We found that Juniperus chinensis xylem extracts had potent radical scavenging effect by 98％ at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-l(MMP-1, collagenase) were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. UV A induced MMP-1 synthesis and activity were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gelatin-based zymography in skin fibroblasts. The extract of Juniperus chinensis showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-1 activities by 97％ at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL and suppressed the UVA induced expression of MMP-1 by 79％ at 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. This extract also showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. We also examined anti-inflammatory effects by the determination test of proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 in HaCaT keratinocytes. In this test Juniperus chinensis decreased expression of interleukin 6 about 30％. Expression of prostaglandin E$_2$, (PGE$_2$) after UVB irradiation was measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using PGE$_2$ monoclonal antibody. At the concentrations of 5-50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the extracts, the production of PGE$_2$ by HaCaT keratinocytes (24 hours after 10 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ UVB irradiation) was significantly inhibited in culture supernatants (p〈0.05). The viability of cultured HaCaT keratinocytes was significantly reduced at the doses of above 10 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of UVB irradiation, but the presence of these extracts improved cell viability comparing to control after UVB irradiation. We also investigated the protective effect of this extract in sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritant skin reactions from 24 hour exposure. Twice a day application of the extract for reducing local inflammation in human skin was done. Irritant reactions were assessed by various aspects of skin condition, that is, erythema (skin color reflectance) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). After 5 days the extract was found to reduce SLS-induced skin erythema and improve barrier regeneration when compared to untreated symmetrical test site. In conclusion, our results suggest that Juniperus chinensis can be effectively used for the prevention of UV and SLS-induced adverse skin reactions such as radical production, inflammation and skin cell damage.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2004

Chronic exposure to solar radiation, particularly ultraviolet (UV) light, causes a variety of adverse reactions on human skin, such as sunburn, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by UV exposure or other environmental facts play critical roles in cellular damage. And, repeated-UV irradiation activated the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and induced skin irritation. Therefore, the development of effective and safe photoprotectants that can reduce and improve the skin damage has been required. The purpose of this study was to investigate the photo-protective effect of several chinese medical plants (Juniperus chinensis) on the UV -induced skin cell damages. We tested free radical and superoxide scavenging effect in vitro. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of MMP-1 (collagenase) were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. UVA induced MMP-1 synthesis and activity were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gelatin-based zymography in skin fibroblasts. We also examined anti-inflammatory effects by the determination test of proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 in HaCaT keratinocytes. Expression of prostaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$) after UVB irradiation was measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay(EIA) using PGE$_2$ monoclonal antibody. In the human skin we tested anti-irritation effect on the SLS-induced damage skin after appling the extract containing emulsion. We found that Juniperus chinensis extract had potent radical scavenging effect by 98% at 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. The extract of Juniperus chinensis showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-1 activities by 97% at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL and suppressed the UVA induced expression of MMP-1 by 79% at 25$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. This extract also showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. In the test of proinflammatory cytokines of human keratinocytes Juniperus chinensis extract decreased expression of interleukin 6 about 30%. The amount of PGE$_2$ by HaCaT keratinocytes was significantly increased at the doses of above 10 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of UVB (p < 0.05). At the concentrations of 3.2-25$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of this extract, the production of PGE$_2$ by HaCaT keratinocytes (24 h after 10mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ UVB irradiation) was significantly inhibited in culture supernatants (p < 0.05). In SLS-induced skin irritation model in vivo, we found to reduce skin erythema and improve barrier recovery after appling Juniperus chinensis extract containing emulsion when compared to irritated non-treated and placebo-treated skin. Our results suggest that Juniperus chinensis extract can be effectively used for the prevention of UV and SLS-induced adverse skin reactions and applied as anti-aging and anti-irritation cosmetics.